1. Hardware Organization

2. Four hardware components
Outline
Four hardware components
Processor
Main memory
Peripherals (I/O devices)
Connections (buses)
Suggested reading
1.4~1.6

3. P7

4. Hardware Organization
Buses
Carry bytes of information back and forth between the components
Word(4 bytes, 8 bytes)
I/O devices
Keyboard, Mouse
Display
Disk driver (long-term storage device)
Controller, adapter

5. Hardware Organization
Main Memory
Temporary storage device
Holds both a program and the data while the processor is executing the program
Physically, it is a collection of Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) chips
Logically, it is a linear array of bytes with unique address starting at 0

7. Central Processing Unit (processor)
Interprets instructions in the memory
Program counter
Point to instruction currently been executed
Register file
Small storage device
A collection of word-size registers
Each register has its unique name
ALU
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Computes new data and address values

8. Central Processing Unit (processor)
Load
Memory to Register
Store
Register to Memory
Update
Register(s) to register
I/O Read
I/O device to register
I/O Write
Register to I/O device
Jump
Extract a word from the instruction and copy it to PC

9. P10

10. P10

11. P11

14. Cache & Memory Hierarchy
Processor-memory gap
Hierarchical
Smaller, Faster, Costlier
L1 cache (several thousand of bytes)
L2 cache (hundreds of thousands of bytes)
Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)

15. P12

16. P12