1. Chapter 14: Stress and Health

2. Studying the Effects of Stress on Health
Behavioral Medicine: field that combines knowledge of biomedical perspective and behavioral perspective to study and treat health and illness. Term is often used interchangeably with Psychiatry.
Health Psychology: subfield of psychology that is used to contribute to behavioral medicine. Looks at psychological causes of illness and stress (cognitive, environment, social, biological, etc.)

3. Killers of Yesterday and Today
Percentage
U.S.deaths 30 20 10
Tuber-
culosis
Pneu-
monia
Diarrhea/
enteritis
Heart
disease
1900
Cancer
Strokes
Chronic
lung disease
1991

4. What is Stress?
Stress is the process by which we respond to events, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
Stressors: are the events/things that stress us out!

5. Stress Can Be Harmful or Helpful Depending on Your Stress Appraisal
Stressful event
(tough math test)
Threat
(“Yikes! This is
beyond me!”)
Challenge
(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Panic, freeze up
Aroused, focused
Appraisal
Response

6. Biology of Stress? What is Activated When You Feel Stress?
Stress-Response Cycle Includes:
1. Sympathetic N.S. prompts the release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the inner part of the adrenal glands
Cerebral cortex (through hypothalamus and pituitary gland) directs the outer part of the adrenal glands to release of a glucocorticoid stress hormone (cortisol).
Epinephrine works faster!

7. Animals and Humans Tend to React To Stress In the Same Pattern.
Hans Selye discovered the responsive cycle for how we react to stress which he named the:
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Phase 1: Alarm: activation of sympathetic nervous system.
Phase 2: Resistance: arousal remains high as you attempt to cope with the stressor. “Fight or Flight.”
Phase 3: Exhaustion: body becomes run down with constant stress which can leave you more vulnerable to illness or even death.

8. Stressful Life Events Can Create Serious Health Risks
Categories of Stressful Life Events:
1. Catastrophes: unavoidable natural disasters, etc.
Significant Life Changes: loss of loved one, leaving home, loss of job, etc.
3. Everyday Hassles:
traffic, long lines at Best Buy, etc.

9. Perceived Control’s Effect on Health and Stress
Stressful events are especially harmful if they are perceived as negative and uncontrollable.
Those who feel stressful events are beyond their control are also more susceptible to illness and disease.

10. Persistent Day to Day Stress May Lead to Burnout
Burnout: physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion brought on by persistent job-related stress.
Often common in teachers, nurses, and police officers.

11. Stress and Heart Disease
Although relatively rare in 1900, by the 1950s coronary heart disease has become the leading cause of death in America.
Coronary Heart Disease: when vessels of heart are clogged which stops heart muscles from being nourished.
Many behavioral factors help contribute to this disease but stress is also a major factor.

12. Hopelessness and Heart Disease
scores
3.5 3
2.5 2
1.5 1
0.5
Heart attack
Death
Low risk
Moderate risk
High risk
Men who feel extreme hopelessness
are at greater risk for heart attacks
and early death

13. Personality Type and Heart Disease
Type A Personality: competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people.
Type B Personality: easy-going and relaxed people.
Who is at greater risk for heart disease?

14. Stress Related Illnesses
Psychophysiological Illnesses: “mind-body” illnesses. Physical illnesses caused by stress.
Ex: Hypertension and some headaches.
Blood pressure also increases due to too much stress.
Are also referred to as psychosomatic disorders. This does not mean that symptoms are not real; it just means they have psychological causes.

15. Fighting Disease With Immune System
Lymphocytes:
Main defender against disease in immune system made up of two types of white blood cells.
B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses and foreign substances

16. Fighting Disease with Immune System
Macrophage: other agent of immune system which identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders.

17. Problems with Immune System
Immune System can either react too strongly or under react to harmful bodies.
Over-reaction causes body to attack its own tissues. Ex: arthritis, allergies, lupus, M.S.
Under-reaction causes harmful bodies to spread. Ex: cancer
Stress can divert energy away from the immune system making illnesses more likely.

18. Promoting Health
Aerobic Exercise has positive psychological and physical benefits.
Increases heart and lung fitness and may also help alleviate depression and anxiety.
Depression
score 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
Before treatment
evaluation
After treatment
No-treatment
group
Aerobic
exercise
Relaxation
treatment

19. Using Biofeedback to Improve Health
Biofeedback: system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state like blood pressure and muscle tension in order to allow a person to control autonomic functions like heart rate.

20. Promoting Health
A strong social network which offers support strongly promotes health during an illness and when healthy.
% with high support

21. Promoting Health
Spirituality and Faith Communities has a strong correlation with positive health and enhancing medical treatment.
Possible reasons behind correlation with religion?
Religiously active people:
drink and smoke less
tend to have a larger support network
may have a greater sense of peace about the future (hope)

22. Overview of Healthy and Unhealthy Tendencies
Life events
Tendency toward
Health
Illness
Personal appraisal
Challenge
Threat
Personality type
Easy going
Nondepressed
Optimistic
Hostile
Depressed
Pessimistic
Personality habits
Nonsmoking
Regular exercise
Good nutrition
Smoking
Sedentary
Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring
Lacking