1. Pressure Ulcer Prevention & Treatment
Best Practice Guidelines for the Prevention & Treatment of All Stages of Pressure Ulcers

2. Staging Pressure Ulcers
Staging is used to report the depth of tissue loss.
Do not reverse stage to demonstrate healing. Normal tissue is replaced by granulation tissue.
Document “healing stage 3 pressure ulcer that now measures 5x4x1cm”. “Granulating stage 3”.
If the ulcer is healed – “Healed stage 4”.
Only stage pressure ulcers with the following staging. All other ulcers use appropriate staging nomenclature.

3. Suspected Deep Tissue Injury
Purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin or blood-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or shear.
The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue. Deep tissue injury may be difficult to detect in individuals with dark skin tones.
Evolution may include a thin blister over a dark wound bed. The wound may further evolve and become covered by thin eschar. Evolution may be rapid exposing additional layers of tissue even with optimal treatment.
NPUAP, 2007

4. Suspected Deep Tissue Injury

5. Suspected Deep Tissue Injury

6. Stage 1 Pressure Ulcer
Intact skin with non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony prominence. Darkly pigmented skin may not have visible blanching; its color may differ from the surrounding area.
The area may be painful, firm, soft, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue. Stage I may be difficult to detect in individuals with dark skin tones. May indicate "at risk" persons (a heralding sign of risk)
NPUAP, 2007

7. Stage 1 Pressure Ulcer

8. Stage 1 Pressure Ulcer

9. Stage 1 Pressure Ulcer

10. Stage 2 Pressure Ulcer
Partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a red pink wound bed, without slough. May also present as an intact or open/ruptured serum or sero-sanguinous filled blister.
Presents as a shiny or dry shallow ulcer without slough or bruising.* This stage should not be used to describe skin tears, tape burns, perineal dermatitis, maceration or excoriation. *Bruising indicates suspected deep tissue injury
NPUAP, 2007

11. Stage 2 Pressure Ulcer

12. Stage 2 Pressure Ulcer

13. Stage 3
Full thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible but bone, tendon or muscle are not exposed. Slough may be present but does not obscure the depth of tissue loss. May include undermining and tunneling.
The depth of a stage 3 pressure ulcer varies by anatomical location. The bridge of the nose, ear, occiput and malleolus do not have subcutaneous tissue and stage 3 ulcers can be shallow. In contrast, areas of significant adiposity can develop extremely deep stage 3 pressure ulcers. Bone/tendon is not visible or directly palpable.
NPUAP, 2007

14. Stage 3 Pressure Ulcer

15. Stage 3 Pressure Ulcer

16. Stage 4 Pressure Ulcer
Full thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present on some parts of the wound bed. Often include undermining and tunneling.
The depth of a stage 4 pressure ulcer varies by anatomical location. The bridge of the nose, ear, occiput and malleolus do not have subcutaneous tissue and these ulcers can be shallow. Stage 4 ulcers can extend into muscle and/or supporting structures (e.g., fascia, tendon or joint capsule) making osteomyelitis possible. Exposed bone/tendon is visible or directly palpable. NPUAP, 2007

17. Pressure Ulcers with Exposed Cartilage
Although the presence of visible or palpable cartilage at the base of a pressure ulcer was not included in the stage 4 terminology; it is the opinion of the NPUAP that cartilage serves the same anatomical function as bone. Therefore, pressure ulcers that have exposed cartilage should be classified as a stage 4.

18. Stage 4 Pressure Ulcer

19. Stage 4 Pressure Ulcer

20. Unstageable Pressure Ulcer
Full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered by slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or eschar (tan, brown or black) in the wound bed.
Until enough slough and/or eschar is removed to expose the base of the wound, the true depth, and therefore stage, cannot be determined; but it will be either a stage 3 or 4.
Stable (dry, adherent, intact without erythema or fluctuance) eschar on the heels serves as "the body's natural (biological) cover" and should not be removed.
If an ulcer is partially covered with necrotic tissue but deep structures are visible you may call it a stage 4.
NPUAP, 2007

21. Unstageable Pressure Ulcer

22. Unstageable Pressure Ulcer

23. Mucosal Pressure Ulcers
The position of the NPUAP is that pressure ulcers on mucosal surfaces are not to be staged using the pressure ulcer staging system.
It is understood that these ulcers may indeed be due to pressure, however anatomically analogous tissue comparisons cannot be made.
Further, mucosal pressure ulcers are not to be classified as partial or full thickness, because the clinical assessment of the tissue does not allow the distinction.
Therefore, pressure ulcers on mucous membranes be labeled as mucosal pressure ulcers without a stage identified.

24. Medical Device-Related Pressure Ulcers

25. Medical Device-Related Pressure Ulcers – Critical Care

26. Medical Device-Related Pressure Ulcers – Pediatric Populations

27. Medical Device-Related Pressure Ulcers – Long Term Care

28. Skin Changes at End of Life
Physiologic changes that occur as a result of the dying process (days to weeks) may affect the skin and soft tissues and may manifest as observable changes in skin color, turgor, or integrity, or as localized pain.
These changes may be unavoidable and may occur with the application of appropriate interventions that meet or exceed the standard of care.
Skin changes at end of life are a reflection of compromised skin (reduced perfusion, decreased tolerance to external insults, and impaired removal of metabolic waste.

29. Skin Changes at End of Life
End of life discussions should help the clinician determine the plan of care. Consider the following in determining appropriate intervention strategies:
Prevention
Prescription ( may heal with appropriate treatment)
Preservation (maintenance without deterioration)
Palliation (provide comfort and care)
Preference (patient/family desires)

30. Pressure Ulcer Prevention Recommendations
Assess all patients using the Braden or Braden Q pressure ulcer risk assessment scale upon admission/transfer, daily and with condition changes.
Implement an individualized plan of care to prevent pressure ulcer formation
Assess skin – cleanse, moisturize and protect as needed
Turn patients at least every 2 hours or as indicated
Keep heels raised off of the bed surface
Monitor nutritional status and consult dietitians as indicated

31. Pressure Ulcer Treatment Guidelines
Document and report all pressure ulcers to the physician and supervisor as soon as possible
Complete and document a thorough assessment of the pressure ulcer
Reassess the ulcer at least weekly and document measurements and photos. Expect some sign of healing in most cases within 2 weeks -if no improvement reassess the treatment plan.
Assess and document status of wound with each dressing change
Appropriately medicate for pain during treatment

32. Pressure Ulcer Treatment Guidelines
Screen and assess nutritional status for each patient with a pressure ulcer
Provide adequate protein/calories per dietitian’s recommendations
Provide and encourage adequate daily fluid intake
Provide adequate vitamins and minerals
Weigh patient at least weekly
Provide support surfaces as indicated by patient need while in bed, chair and to relieve pressure on heels

33. Pressure Ulcer Treatment Guidelines
Provide pressure ulcer care as indicated
Change dressings as ordered and according to manufacturer’s guidelines
Cleanse the wound and surrounding skin with normal saline or ordered solution with each dressing change
Monitor for wound infections and treat as indicated
Provide pain management for all treatments and for general/chronic pain with ulcers
Notify the physician and wound nurse with any significant changes