1. Chapter 3 Routes of Entry and Environmental Effects

2. Figure 3-1 Routes of Entry

3. Inhalation – Airborne chemicals enter the body through the mouth or nose. It is the most common route of entry in the workplace.
Absorption – Can cause primary irritation, sensitization, and enter the blood.
Ingestion – A hazardous chemical is transmitted to food, liquid, or cigarettes and then swallowed.

4. Injection – A toxic or hazardous material is injected into the body by a needle or sharp object, or through cuts in the skin.

5. Dose-Response Relationship
Dose is defined as the amount of chemical entering or being administered to a subject.
Response is defined as the toxic effect the dose has upon the subject.

6. Exxon Valdez
March 124, 1989
The largest tanker oil release in U.S. history.
Five years after the spill oil could still be found.

7. Figure 3-2 Exxon Valdez

8. Air Pollution Acid rain Smog Unburned hydrocarbons Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Mercury and small particles

9. Air Permitting
Permits must be obtained for any projects that have the possibility of producing air pollutants.
Permits can take 3-8 months to complete.
Penalties range from $25,000 a day to $250,000 and 2 to 15 years in jail.

10. Figure 3-3 Environmental Awareness

11. Water Pollution Control
The Clean Water Act regulates wastewater. Wastewater standards are applied to the following:
Process wastewater
Rainwater
Cooling water.

12. Community Right –to-Know
Increases community awareness of the chemicals manufactured or used by local chemical plants and businesses, involves communities in emergency response plans, improves local emergency response planning, and identifies potential hazards.

13. CERCLA holds generators and disposers of hazardous waste liable for past practices, and established the Superfund of $1.6 billon to pay for cleanup operations of abandoned hazardous waste sites.

14. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
The NRC oversees:
Reactor security
Reactor safety
Reactor license renewal
Radioactive material safety
Spent fuel management, recycling, disposal and storage

15. Pipelines
Pipelines in the U.S. are regulated by U.S. Department of Transportation.
Lines of pipe that convey liquids, gases, or finely divided solids.
Oil pipelines are made from plastic or steel with inner diameters ranging from 4 to 48 inches.
Typically buried under the ground, 3’ to 6’ deep.