1. Earth’s Crust

2. Convection currents

3. Continental drift – idea that continents have moved slowly to their current positions due to convection currents in the mantel.
Pangea – the idea that the all land masses on earth were once a single large land mass.

4. Ocean floor spreading – theory that hot less dense material below Earth’s crust rises toward the surface at the mid-ocean ridges. Then, it flows sideways, carrying the seafloor away from the ridge in both directions.
Convection current – unequal distribution of heat in the mantel causes a net movement in a circular motion.

6. The Earth’s CRUST is the outer most part of the Earth’s surface.
Average 32 km thick
Thickest point 70 km (in mountains)
Thinnest point 8 km (under ocean)

7. Plate tectonic – theory that Earth’s crust and part of the upper mantle are broken into sections called plates.
Lithosphere – all of the earth’s crust and part of the upper mantle.
Asthenosphere – plastic like layer below the lithosphere. The ridged plates of the lithosphere “float” on the more plastic layer called the asthenosphere.

8. l

10. Deformation – The breaking, tilting, and folding of crustal rock due to crustal movement. (three types of forces)
Compression – squeezing of earth’s crust that compacts the rock. Convergent boundary
2. Tension – is the pulling apart of the earth’s crust. Divergent boundary.
3. Shearing – pushes rocks side by side in opposite directions. Transform boundary.

11. Convergent boundary
Divergent boundary
Transformation boundary

13. Rift valley
subduction

14. FAULTS
Normal Fault – fault caused by tension stress that moves the hanging wall down relative to the foot wall.

15. Reverse Fault – fault caused by compression forces where the hanging wall will move up relative to the foot wall.

16. In Lateral (strike-slip) faulting, the two blocks move either to the left or to the right relative to one another. Strike-slip faults are associated with crustal shear.

17. Thrust Fault – is formed when compression causes the hanging wall to slide over the foot wall. (almost horizontal movement)

18. Facts about folds/faults.
increased temp. =‘s fold
decreased temp =‘s fault
increased pressure =‘s fold
decreased pressure =‘s fault
rock type – brittle =‘s fault
rock type – ductile =‘s fold
time – greater the time =‘s fold
time – less time =‘s fault

23. Fault block mountain is a mountain created by blocks of rock uplifted by normal faults.

24. Rift Valley are valleys created when a block of land between two normal faults slide downward.

25. End of chapter 10

26. Folds – are bends in rocks without breaking folds have two parts
Anticline – upward part of fold
syncline – downward part of fold
Anticline

28. Plateau – is a large area of flat land that is raised high above sea level. Usually bordered by cliffs or mountains.

29. Domes – is the uprising area caused by magma

30. Floating crust -
less dense
more dense

31. A balance exist between the downward force of the crust and the upward force of the mantle called ISOSTASY.