1. Basic Programming Concepts
Imran Rashid
CTO at ManiWeber Technologies

2. Outline Program, Programming & Programming Languages
Variables, Constants & Data Types
Operators in Programming
Decision Making in Programming
Iterations in Programming

3. Program, Programming & Programming Languages

4. Program, Programming & Programming Languages
A computer program, or just a program, is a sequence of instructions, written to perform a specified task on a computer
Programming
Computer programming is the process of writing or editing source code
A person who practices this skill is referred to as a computer programmer, software developer, and sometimes coder
Programming Languages
A programming language is a formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine

5. Program, Programming & Programming Languages
Type of Programming Languages

6. Program, Programming & Programming Languages
Language Translation Process (High to Low)

7. Program, Programming & Programming Languages
Type of Language Translators

8. Program, Programming & Programming Languages
Compiler v.s Interpreter

9. Program, Programming & Programming Languages
Type of Errors in Programming

10. Variables, Constants & Data Types

11. Variables, Constants & Data Types
Most important concept for problem solving using computers
All temporary results are stored in terms of variables
The value of a variable can be changed
The value of a constant do not change
Where are they stored?
In main memory
How does memory look like (logically)?
As a list of storage locations, each having a unique address
Variables and constants are stored in these storages

12. Variables, Constants & Data Types

13. Variables, Constants & Data Types

14. Variables, Constants & Data Types

15. Variables, Constants & Data Types
Three common data types used:
Integer: can store only whole numbers
Examples: 25, -56, 1, 0
Size: 16 bits & 32 bits
Floating-point: can store numbers with fractional values
Examples: , 5.0,
Size: 32 bits & 64 bits
Character: can store a character
Examples: ‘A’, ‘a’, ‘*’, ‘3’, ‘ ’, ‘+’
Size: 8 bits & 16 bits

16. Operators in Programming

17. Operators in Programming
Arithmetic Operators
Addition (+)
Subtraction (-)
Division (/)
Multiplication (*)
Modulus (%)
Examples
distance = rate * time;
netIncome = income - tax;
speed = distance / time;
area = PI * radius * radius;

18. Operators in Programming
Suppose x and y are two integer variables, whose values are 13 and 5 respectively

19. Operators in Programming
Operator Precedence
In decreasing order of priority
Parentheses: ( )
Unary minus: –5
Multiplication, Division, and Modulus
Addition and Subtraction
For operators of the same priority, evaluation is from left to right as they appear
Parenthesis may be used to change the precedence of operator evaluation

20. Operators in Programming
Relational Operators
Used to compare two quantities

21. Operators in Programming
Logical Operators
There are two logical operators (also called logical connectives)
&& : Logical AND
Result is true if both the operands are true
|| : Logical OR
Result is true if at least one of the operands are true

22. Decision Making in Programming

23. Decision Making in Programming
Statements and Blocks
An expression followed by a semicolon becomes a statement
x = 5;
y = x + 3;
Braces { and } are used to group declarations and statements together into a compound statement, or block

24. Decision Making in Programming
Control Statements: What do they do?
Allow different sets of instructions to be executed depending on the outcome of a logical test
Whether TRUE (non-zero) or FALSE (zero)
How do we specify the conditions?
Using relational operators (<, <=, >, >=, ==, !=)
Using logical operators (&&, ||, !)

25. Decision Making in Programming
The if Statement
The condition to be tested is any expression enclosed in parentheses
The expression is evaluated, and if its value is non-zero, the statement is executed

26. Decision Making in Programming
The if-else Statement
These statements can be nested

27. Decision Making in Programming
The switch Statement
This causes a particular group of statements to be chosen from several available groups
Uses “switch” statement and “case” labels

28. Iterations in Programming

29. Iterations in Programming
Loop
Group of instructions that are executed repeatedly while some condition remains true
Loops can be nested as well
There are 3 main types of loops
while loop
do-while loop
for loop

30. Iterations in Programming
while loop
The while loop is used to carry out looping operations, in which a group of statements is executed repeatedly, as long as some condition remains satisfied

31. Iterations in Programming
do-while loop
A do while loop is a control flow statement that executes a block of code at least once, and then repeatedly executes the block, or not, depending on a given boolean condition at the end of the block

32. Iterations in Programming
for loop
The for loop is the most commonly used looping structure in programming for known iterations
expr1 (init) : initialize parameters
expr2 (test): test condition, loop continues if satisfied
expr3 (update): used to alter the value of the parameters after each iteration

33. LAB Total Marks: [2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 10]
Q: In GIMS there are 500 students, 12 class rooms, 2 labs, 4 departments, 20 admin staff, 32 teachers, 6 degree programs (e.g. BSCS/BSIT), & 3 busses.
Store this information in proper data types, variable/constant names & values (use proper naming conventions)?
Every teacher starts his/her lecture at certain time & it has an end time (which programming construct is applied in this scenario & how)?
A teacher can arrange extra/makeup classes only of the room & class is free (which programming construct is applied in this scenario & how)?
Bus 1, 2 & 3 has fixed root (e.g. bus 1 move students from Kharian to Gujrat) (which programming construct is applied in this scenario & how)?
A teacher might be a permanent one or visiting
(which programming construct is applied in this scenario & how)?

34. ASSIGNMENT Submission Date 22/10/2018 & in written form [10]
Q1 (a): Do some R&D on the internet and write down the syntaxes of the following things:
How to declare a variable
How to declare a constant
How to make a decision with if-else-if & switch
How to make an unknown and known iteration (for & while/do-while)
Q1 (b): Do the above mention activities in the following languages:
C++
PHP
JavaScript C#

35. Any ?