1. European Rivalries continue
Franco British Rivalry
1898 tensions culminate in Fachoda, Sudan
French captain Marchand and British Kitchener
French capitulate to the British
Franco German Rivalry
1911 France and Germany vie over Marocco
France gains domination in exchange for territory in West Africa

2. European Missionaries in Africa

3. The White Man’s Burden
Social Darwinism: the natural domination of colonized races
Europeans racially superior to the people of Africa, India and Asia
Belief that Europeans have moral obligation to civilize the people of colonies as best they can
Forced assimilation, Christianity “teach” work ethic through grueling labour

6. The White Man’s Burden
Take up the White Man's burden, Send forth the best ye breed   Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild--   Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden, In patience to abide,   To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain   To seek another's profit, And work another's gain.
Take up the White Man's burden, The savage wars of peace--   Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought,   Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to nought.
Take up the White Man's burden, No tawdry rule of kings,   But toil of serf and sweeper, The tale of common things. The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread,   Go mark them with your living, And mark them with your dead.
Take up the White Man's burden And reap his old reward:   The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard-- The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--   "Why brought he us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?"
Take up the White Man's burden, Ye dare not stoop to less--   Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloke your weariness; By all ye cry or whisper, By all ye leave or do,   The silent, sullen peoples Shall weigh your gods and you.
Take up the White Man's burden, Have done with childish days--   The lightly proferred laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood, through all the thankless years   Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers!
Rudyard Kipling, 1899
How does Kipling’s poem portray colonized peoples?
What benefits of taking up the White Man’s burden are mentioned?

7. Great Colonial Empires in 1914
2 Great imperial powers
The United Kingdom
33 million km²
450 million inhabitants
African colonies + India, Birma, Singapor
France
10 million km²
48 million inhabitants
African colonies + New Caledonia /Indochina

8. Domination in various forms
Direct Rule
French Colonial possessions ruled by a French representative
Colonized people very little involved in colonial administration
French population
Minority
Holds most power

9. Algeria Settlement Colony French and Algerians unequal rights
Indigenous Code
Separate penal code for natives
Effective segregation (e.g. town planning)

10. Criticism of Imperialism
Majority of Europeans supported Imperialism
Seen as way to build strong nations at home
Flex muscle of national superiority
Critics voiced dissatisfaction with process
J.A. Hobson British socialist / economist
Imperialism result of unregulated capitalism
Colonies not beneficial in the long run
Diverted resources away from domestic issues

11. More Criticism of Imperialism
Anti-Imperialism Literature
Joseph Conrad – “Heart of Darkness”
Exposed torture and crimes against Africans
Edward Morel – “Black Man’s Burden”
International Socialists pinned imperialism as the final stage of capitalism
Social critics pointed to hypocrisy of expanding rights and voting at home while denying freedoms abroad

12. Native Responses to Imperialism
Violent Uprisings against colonizers
Almost always ended poorly for natives
Superior weapons and training for West
Traditionalists – rejected Western ways
Modernists – adapted to West
Most Asians and Africans eventually conformed

13. Native Responses to Imperialism
Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa (modern Tanzinia)

14. Herero Uprising in Namibia 1907

15. Assimilated Modernists’ Reaction
Indigenous nationalism
Modern native elites educated in Europe expect treatment of liberty and equality as taught in Western education
Leopold Sedar Senghor from Senegal
Develops idea of Negritude – pride in African identity
Colonization challenged by communist propaganda
Ho Chi Minh from Indochina

16. Recap Diversity of ways of gaining control of each colony
European power
Region differences
Reactions of Europeans
Justification of actions taken
Criticism within Europe
Reactions of the colonial populations
Resistance and Violent uprisings
Acquiescence but guardian of traditional ways
Assimilation and adoption of European culture