1. Back muscle activation pattern and spectrum in defined load situations
I. Bradl, F. Mörl, H.C. Scholle, R. Graßme, R. Müller, R. Grieshaber 
Pathophysiology 
Volume 12, Issue 4, Pages (December 2005)
DOI: /j.pathophys
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Isometric test and training device “Pegasus II”. The subject is fixed at pelvis and knees. Three-dimensional force sensors are located in the shoulder sledge. From the force measured the momentum is calculated according to the distance between the fifth lumbar spinal process and the shoulder sledge.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
High-to-low-ratio (HTLR) of multifidus and longissimus muscles during Sørensen test as mean and confidence interval (p<0.01). HTLR is the quotient of the spectral power values in the higher (101 … 250Hz) divided by the lower (20 … 100Hz) frequency ranges. The HTLR of the multifidus muscle is found at much higher frequencies in comparison with the longissimus muscle.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Symmetry of multifidus and longissimus muscles during MVC test as mean and confidence interval (p<0.05). The difference of the left and right SEMG amplitude normalized by the mean value of both sides is shown. The symmetry of muscle activation follows the symmetry of the task with exception of the m. multifidus activity during twisting (Abbreviations: Sag ext, extension in sagittal plane; Fro left/Fro right, lateral bending in frontal plane; Tra left/right, twisting in transversal plane).
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
High-to-low-ratio (HTLR) of multifidus and longissimus (on the level of the 2nd lumbar and 12th thoracic vertebrae) muscles during Sørensen tests as mean and confidence interval (p<0.05). The mean values were calculated from the data of an 11 week follow up during a low back muscle training sequence with 2units per week, i.e. from at least 20 data sets. Again the HTLR of the multifidus muscle was found at much higher frequencies compared to the longissimus muscle. Interindividual variations are considerably higher than the statistical spread of the values from different training units (P1 to P7 describe the seven subjects taking part in this test).
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5
High-to-low-ratio (HTLR) of multifidus and longissimus (on the level of the 2nd lumbar and 12th thoracic vertebrae) muscles during Sørensen tests and incremental load tests as mean and confidence interval (p<0.05). With increasing load the HTLR of the multifidus muscle diminishes stronger than that of the longissimus muscle, especially at position Th12. The differences between the HTLR values of both muscles become smaller with increasing load.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

7. Fig. 6
High-to-low-ratio (HTLR) of multifidus and longissimus (at 2nd lumbar and 12th thoracic vertebrae) muscles during Sørensen tests and whole body inclination tests in the sagittal plane as mean and confidence interval (p<0.05). The mean values were calculated from data sets of 25s length. With increasing inclination angle, the HTLR of both the multifidus and longissimus muscles diminishes. The values of 90° inclination are equal to those from Sørensen test.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions