1. Logo
Programming

2. INSTRUCTION
MEANING
FORWARD n
Move n mm forward
BACKWARD n
Move n mm backward
LEFT t
Turn left t degrees
RIGHT t
Turn right t degrees
REPEAT n
Repeat the following instructions n times
END REPEAT
Finish the REPEAT loop

3. For a regular closed shape:
Pendown (to ensure the pen is down so that a line is made when you move)
Note you can sometimes get away with assuming the pen is down or up already before you start.
Right / Left 90 (usually to face along one of the sides)
Repeat .... (the number of sides)
Forward .... (the length of each side)
Right 360/.... (the number of sides)
End Repeat

4. Example - for a octagon:
Pendown
Note you can sometimes get away with assuming the pen is down or up already before you start.
Right 90
Repeat 8
Forward 100
Right 45 (360/8)
End Repeat

5. To complete a irregular unclosed path:
Just use successive Penup/Pendown, Right / Left & Forward commands to complete the path.

6. Example of a irregular unclosed path:
PEN UP
Note you can sometimes get away with assuming the pen is down or up already before you start.
FORWARD 50
RIGHT 90
PENDOWN
FORWARD 70
PENUP
FORWARD 40
FORWARD 80

7. Example to complete two regular shapes:
Use a Backward command in between the first and second shapes.
Note that there many ways of doing this
PEN DOWN LEFT 90 REPEAT 5 FORWARD 50 RIGHT 72 END REPEAT PENUP BACKWARD 140 PENDOWN REPEAT 4 FORWARD 60 RIGHT 90 END REPEAT
PEN DOWN LEFT 90 REPEAT 5 FORWARD 50 RIGHT 72 END REPEAT PENUP BACKWARD 80
RIGHT 90 PENDOWN REPEAT 4 FORWARD 60 RIGHT 90 END REPEAT OR
Note that there many ways of doing this but questions may force you to do it one particular way by making you fill out blanks rather than letting you decide from scratch.

8. Websites to use to find out more / “play around” with Logo.
Math Playground Logo
Controlling Things On the screen (igcseict.info)
BBC Bitesize Logo
But note that you are forced, in this website, to assume that the pen is already up before you start.