1. Involvement of neutrophils and free radicals in the potentiating effects of passive cigarette smoking on inflammatory bowel disease in rats 
Xin Guo, Wei P. Wang, Joshua K.S. Ko, Chi H. Cho 
Gastroenterology 
Volume 117, Issue 4, Pages (October 1999)
DOI: /S (99)
Copyright © 1999 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Effect of CS exposure (4%, vol/vol, smoke/air) on MPO activity in colonic tissue after TNBS-ethanol enema in rats. MPO activity was determined 2, 6, or 24 hours after TNBS-ethanol enema. Normal rats were given a normal saline (NS) enema; control rats were given a TNBS-ethanol enema without passive smoking. Smoke (SM)-only group was only pretreated with smoke exposure without TNBS, and the rats were killed at different time points after the last time of smoke exposure. SM group was exposed to CS with TNBS-ethanol enema. Each value is expressed as mean ± SEM of rats per treatment group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < compared with the corresponding normal group. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 compared with the corresponding control group.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (99) )
Copyright © 1999 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Effect of CS exposure (4%, vol/vol, smoke/air) on LTB4 level in colonic tissue after TNBS-ethanol enema in rats. LTB4 level was measured 2 or 24 hours after TNBS-ethanol enema. Normal rats were given a normal saline (NS) enema; control rats were given a TNBS-ethanol enema without passive smoking. Smoke (SM)-only group was only pretreated with smoke exposure without TNBS, and the rats were killed at different time points after the last time of smoke exposure. SM group was exposed to CS with TNBS-ethanol enema. Each value is expressed as mean ± SEM of 8-10 rats per treatment group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with the corresponding normal group. #P < compared with the corresponding control group.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (99) )
Copyright © 1999 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Effect of CS exposure (4%, vol/vol, smoke/air) on SOD activity in colonic tissue after TNBS-ethanol enema in rats. SOD activity was determined 2, 6, or 24 hours after TNBS-ethanol enema. Normal rats were given a normal saline (NS) enema; control rats were given a TNBS-ethanol enema without passive smoking. Smoke (SM)-only group was only pretreated with smoke exposure without TNBS, and the rats were killed at different time points after the last time of smoke exposure. SM group was exposed to CS with TNBS-ethanol enema. Each value is expressed as mean ± SEM of 8-10 rats per treatment group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with the corresponding normal group. #P < 0.05 compared with the corresponding control group.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (99) )
Copyright © 1999 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Effect of CS exposure (4%, vol/vol, smoke/air) on iNOS activity in colonic tissue after TNBS-ethanol enema in rats. iNOS activity was determined 6 or 24 hours after TNBS-ethanol enema. Normal rats were given a normal saline (NS) enema; control rats were given a TNBS-ethanol enema without passive smoking. Smoke (SM)-only group was only pretreated with smoke exposure without TNBS, and the rats were killed at different time points after the last time of smoke exposure. SM group was exposed to CS with TNBS-ethanol enema. Each value is expressed as mean ± SEM of 8-10 rats per treatment group. **P < 0.01, ***P < compared with the corresponding normal group. #P < 0.05 compared with the corresponding control group.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (99) )
Copyright © 1999 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5
Effect of CS exposure (4%, vol/vol, smoke/air) on iNOS mRNA expression in colonic tissue 24 hours after TNBS-enema in rats. The gel photographs show the PCR-amplified iNOS and GAPDH complementary DNA derived from their respective mRNA. The PCR product fragments of iNOS and GAPDH mRNA are 574 and 309 bp, respectively. Lanes 1 and 2, 2 samples from control group with TNBS; lanes 3 and 4, 2 samples from CS exposure group with TNBS; lane 5, 1 sample from normal group without TNBS; lane 6, 1 sample from smoke-only group without TNBS (there is almost no signal in lane 5 and lane 6 position).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (99) )
Copyright © 1999 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

7. Fig. 6
Summary of the proposed mechanisms underlying the potentiating effect of passive cigarette smoking on acute colonic lesion and inflammation induced by TNBS-ethanol enema in rats.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (99) )
Copyright © 1999 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions