1. Cells
What are they?

2. Levels of living things
Living Levels:
CELL (makes up ALL organisms)
TISSUE (cells working together
ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …)
ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory …)
ORGANISM

3. Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cells
Unicellular Organisms
Living Organism Made Up Of One Cell
Multicellular Organisms
Living Organism Made Up Of Many, Specialized Cells

4. Types of cells
Prokaryotic- Means before in Greek. Very simple. Before a nucleus. No nucleus.
Eukaryotic- Eu means true. Has a true nucleus.

5. Prokaryotic Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Includes bacteria
Simplest type of cell

6. Eukaryotic Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals
More complex type of cells
Contains 3 basic cell structures:
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm with organelles

7. Organelles Very small (Microscopic)
Perform various functions for a cell
Found in the cytoplasm
May or may not be membrane-bound

8. Animal Cell Organelles
Ribosome (attached)
Nucleolus
Ribosome (free)
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus

9. Plant Cell Organelles

10. Cell or Plasma Membrane
Composed of a double layer
Surrounds outside of ALL cells
Controls what enters or leaves the cell
Living layer
Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains

11. Cell Wall Nonliving layer Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria
Made of cellulose in plants
Supports and protects cell
Found outside of the cell membrane
Cell Membrane
Cell wall

12. Cytoplasm
Cells are filled with a gelatin-like substance called cytoplasm
Found in ALL cells
Constantly flows inside the cell membrane
Throughout cytoplasm is cytoskeleton
MICROTUBULES
MICROFILAMENTS

13. Nucleus
Controls all cell activities and is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane.
Contains the instructions for everything the cell does.
These instructions are found on long, threadlike, hereditary material called DNA.

14. Chloroplasts
Found only in producers (organisms containing chlorophyll)
Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars
Contains its own DNA

15. Mitochondria “Powerhouse” of the cell Generate cellular energy (ATP)
More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria
Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria
Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)

16. Ribosomes Cells make their own proteins called Ribosomes.
Given directions from DNA how and when to make proteins.
Not membrane-bound
Some float freely in cytoplasm other are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Made in the nucleolus moved into the cytoplasm

17. Can be attached to Rough ER or Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Can be attached to Rough ER or
Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm 17 17

18. Endoplasmic Reticulum ER
Extends from the nucleus to the cell membrane. Has a folds so materials can be made and moved around
Two Types:
Smooth- Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface
Rough- Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface

19. ER
Smooth ER- No attached ribosomes processed cellular substances such as lipids that store energy.
Rough ER- Has ribosomes attached and carry out the job of making proteins that are moved out of the cell or used in the cell.

20. Golgi Bodies
Modify, sort, & package molecules (proteins) from ER for storage OR transport out of cell
Packages them into vesicles for temporary storage.
Stacked flattened membranes

21. Vacuoles Fluid filled sacks for storage
Small or absent in animal cells
Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole

22. Cell Theory All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)

23. Exceptions to the cell theory
Viruses: they are able to reproduce only within a living cell.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Each contain their own genetic information different than that in the nucleus.

24. Viruses
A virus is a strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating
Don’t have nucleus or other organelles
Lack a cell membrane
Need a host cell
H1N1