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Cells What are they?
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Levels of living things
Living Levels: CELL (makes up ALL organisms) TISSUE (cells working together ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …) ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory …) ORGANISM
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Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cells
Unicellular Organisms Living Organism Made Up Of One Cell Multicellular Organisms Living Organism Made Up Of Many, Specialized Cells
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Types of cells Prokaryotic- Means before in Greek. Very simple. Before a nucleus. No nucleus. Eukaryotic- Eu means true. Has a true nucleus.
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Prokaryotic Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Includes bacteria Simplest type of cell
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Eukaryotic Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals More complex type of cells Contains 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with organelles
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Organelles Very small (Microscopic)
Perform various functions for a cell Found in the cytoplasm May or may not be membrane-bound
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Animal Cell Organelles
Ribosome (attached) Nucleolus Ribosome (free) Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus
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Plant Cell Organelles
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Cell or Plasma Membrane
Composed of a double layer Surrounds outside of ALL cells Controls what enters or leaves the cell Living layer Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Outside of cell Inside (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains
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Cell Wall Nonliving layer Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria
Made of cellulose in plants Supports and protects cell Found outside of the cell membrane Cell Membrane Cell wall
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Cytoplasm Cells are filled with a gelatin-like substance called cytoplasm Found in ALL cells Constantly flows inside the cell membrane Throughout cytoplasm is cytoskeleton MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS
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Nucleus Controls all cell activities and is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane. Contains the instructions for everything the cell does. These instructions are found on long, threadlike, hereditary material called DNA.
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Chloroplasts Found only in producers (organisms containing chlorophyll) Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars Contains its own DNA
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Mitochondria “Powerhouse” of the cell Generate cellular energy (ATP)
More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)
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Ribosomes Cells make their own proteins called Ribosomes.
Given directions from DNA how and when to make proteins. Not membrane-bound Some float freely in cytoplasm other are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Made in the nucleolus moved into the cytoplasm
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Can be attached to Rough ER or Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes Can be attached to Rough ER or Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm 17 17
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Endoplasmic Reticulum ER
Extends from the nucleus to the cell membrane. Has a folds so materials can be made and moved around Two Types: Smooth- Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface Rough- Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface
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ER Smooth ER- No attached ribosomes processed cellular substances such as lipids that store energy. Rough ER- Has ribosomes attached and carry out the job of making proteins that are moved out of the cell or used in the cell.
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Golgi Bodies Modify, sort, & package molecules (proteins) from ER for storage OR transport out of cell Packages them into vesicles for temporary storage. Stacked flattened membranes
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Vacuoles Fluid filled sacks for storage
Small or absent in animal cells Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole
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Cell Theory All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life) Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
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Exceptions to the cell theory
Viruses: they are able to reproduce only within a living cell. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Each contain their own genetic information different than that in the nucleus.
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Viruses A virus is a strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating Don’t have nucleus or other organelles Lack a cell membrane Need a host cell H1N1
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