1. Review: Civilizations of the Middle East (PERSIAN)

2. Umayyad CE
Political: Umayyad family comes to power in 661BCE (Sunni); capital in Damascus, Syria; Lead by the Caliph; Arab conquest state; Brought stability to Islamic community; Bureaucratic government; centralized govt
Economic: Indian Ocean trade; traded incense , horses, and spices; Provincial governors collect taxes;
Religion: Islam; Conversion was low; Religious tolerance towards Jews and Christians (People of the Book)

3. Social- Poverty gap, sometimes caused rebellions; emphasized Arabic ethnicity (Arabs had more privileges than non-Arab Muslims)
Intellectual/Artistic: dhows (sailing vessels); mosques; recovered and preserved Greek writings; Dome of the Rock built
Near: North Africa; Spain; Arabia Middle East

5. Abbasid CE
Political- Overthrew the Umayyads; Shi’ites; Bureaucratic; Persians- dominate upper levels of govt; Bureaucracy filled with non-Arabs and many Persians; Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion; centered on Baghdad
Economic- Continuance of Indian Ocean Trade; Caravan trade; growth of cities; Silk Road Trade (spread of Islam)

6. Religion: Islam; mystic Sufis establish missions to spread Islam
Social: All Muslims could hold civil and military offices, regardless of ethnicity. Increasing poverty gap led to rebellions; as Muslims came into contact with other civilizations, particularly Mesopotamia and India, they tended to adopt more restrictive ideas about women
Religion: Islam; mystic Sufis establish missions to spread Islam
Intellectual: preservation and use of ancient Greek, Roman, and Persian philosophies (logic, art, architecture, literature); advances in math and science; adoption of Indian “Arabic” numerals; transmission of these numbers to the West; discoveries: astrolabe, maps of stars, optic surgery; emphasis on learning; universities built

7. Art: “Golden Age” ;calligraphy, arabesques for writing and pottery; new architecture: minarets; literary achievements
Near: Modern day Iraq; Arabia; North Africa

8. Il-Khan- Mongol Rule 1258
Political: Direct Rule by Mongols (Hulegu est. rule in Middle East) the government installed by the Mongols in Persia granted important concessions to local interests. Although Mongols retained the highest administrative positions, Persians served as ministers, provincial governors, and state officials at all lower levels.
Economic: Foreign trade increased; Pax Mongolica made land travel safer for merchants; Sea trade improved; foreign merchants welcomed to China’s ports; Guarded trade routes across Asia (Silk Road), allowed trade to increase; people, goods, ideas flowed across Asia; Tax Farming- merchants/local leaders collect taxes; heavy tax burden on population

9. Near: Iran, Arabia, Byzantine Empire
Religion: Religious pluralism and toleration; Il Khan ruler Ghazan did convert to Islam
Social:Disease including the bubonic plague spread among the world. Unparalleled cultural diffusion; Ruthless annihilation of resistance (terror tactics).
Int/Art: Growth of trade led to the spread of scientific knowledge; Muslim advances in astronomy, science, and mathematics all passed along to Europe
Near: Iran, Arabia, Byzantine Empire

10. Ottoman Empire 1281
Political- The head of the Ottoman State was the Sultan, the Sultan was the supreme political and religious leader of the Turks. Selim will add the title Caliph I in A caliph is a religious and political leader of the Islamic World. Sultans/Caliphs rule over Viziers or advisors who in turn rule over a series of provincial governors
Military State: the strength of the Ottoman Empire was their advanced military state. The state was based on technological advancements such as gunpowder and premier organizational strategies. They used an elite fighting force (the Janassaries).
No clear line of succession

11. Economic-Government regulated commercial exchanges and handicraft production; agriculture; caravan land trade; the city of Istanbul was the crossroads of trade between the East and West; Goods: Silk & other cloth, Spices such as pepper, dyes such as indigo
Religion-Ottomans ruled over “Millets” or communities of different religions. Allowed for religious toleration; non-Muslims paid an extra tax

12. Social- Harem for women; multi-ethnic/multi-religious society; society was divided between Muslims and non-Muslims with the former having a higher social standing
Int/Art-Excelled in architecture and writing; Islamic scientists
Near: Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa