1. Energy Chapters 15 -18 Living in the Environment, 16th Edition, Miller
Advanced Placement Environmental Science
La Canada High School
Dr. E A. Friedland and
With a few links and additions by Ms. Wilkins

2. Average energy demand for each person in the U.S.
10,000 watts
Let us find out what this means! 2

3. New Yorker Magazine 3

4. Non Renewable Energy Resources 1. Oil 2. Natural Gas 3. Coal
4. Nuclear Energy

5. Energy Sources
Modern society requires large quantities of energy that are generated from the earth’s natural resources.
Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy.
Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.

6. Changes in U.S. Energy Use

7. Diorama from Harvard Forest
1740
Abandoned (1910)
1830
Post-agricultural (1930)
Diorama from Harvard Forest 7

8. Vermont & New Hampshire are 80%-90% forested today

9. Environmental Impact Formula
E.I. = Population X Resource Used/Person
X Impact of Resource
Environmental Impact Formula
History Crash Course Energy 9

10. Today
7.5B
Friedland/Relyea 2011 10

11. Problems with Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources
At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century
Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of pollution
Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming

12. 2. Oil 1. Energy Resources 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy

13. Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium

14. Crude Incredible Journey part 1

15. Oil
Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well
Fossil fuel, produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants & animals
Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities
How Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

16. Other Sources of Oil
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries have 67% world reserves:
Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela
Other important producers: Canada, Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico.

18. Peak production- when production begins to decline
Oil reserves- identified deposits
OPEC's proven oil reserves currently stand at 1, billion barrels. Here are the top countries with the biggest proven oil reserves, as reported by EIA. Venezuela surpassed Saudi Arabia last year –Canada-Iran- Iraq-Kuwait-United Arab Emirates- Russia-Libya-Nigeria 18

19. Oil in U.S. 2.3% of world reserves uses nearly 30% of world reserves;
65% for transportation;
increasing dependence on imports.

20. Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources.
.edu/beck/esc10 1/Chapter14&1 5.ppt

21. Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.
Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and thus promotes global warming.
Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.

23. Oil
Crude oil is transported to a refinery where distillation produces petrochemicals
How Oil Refining Works
by Craig C.
Freudenrich, Ph.D.
Youtube How an oil refinery works !

27. Worlds 10 largest oil spills

28. 3. Natural Gas 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy

29. Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel
Mixture
50–90% Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

30. Sources of Natural Gas
Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply.
Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%);
90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline).

31. billion cubic metres

33. Natural Gas
Experts predict increased use of natural gas during this century

35. Natural Gas
When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships

37. 4. Coal 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 5. Nuclear Energy

38. Coal: Supply and Demand
Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical formula cannot be written for it.
Coalification: After plants died they underwent chemical decay to form a product known as peat
Over many years, thick peat layers formed.
Peat is converted to coal by geological events such as land subsidence which subject the peat to great pressures and temperatures.

39. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

41. Ranks of Coal
Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy content is lower BTU/lb.
Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb.
Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb.
Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb.
Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

42. PEAT
LIGNITE
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

43. BITUMINOUS
ANTHRACITE
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

44. Main Coal Deposits Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite Anthracite

45. Coal Electricity Generation Chapter 17: Animation Youtube Nuclear Energy and the Environment
Coal formation

46. Advantages and Disadvantages
Pros
Most abundant fossil fuel
Major U.S. reserves
300 yrs. at current consumption rates
High net energy yield
Cons
Dirtiest fuel, highest carbon dioxide
Major environmental degradation
Major threat to health
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

47. Coal Producing Electricity with Coal
Coal gasification ® Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
Coal liquefaction ® Liquid fuels
Disadvantage
Costly
High environmental impact

48. Deep Mining

49. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

67. Sulfur in Coal
When coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily as sulfur dioxide (SO2 - serious pollutant)
Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from coal include cleaning, solvent refining, gasification, and liquefaction Scrubbers are used to trap SO2 when coal is burned
Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS2 or CaSO4) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon)

68. Acid Mine Drainage
The impact of mine drainage on a lake after receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings impoundment for over 50 years

69. Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment.
The same tailings impoundment after 7 years of sulfide oxidation. The white spots in Figures A and B are gulls.

70. Mine effluent discharging from the bottom of a waste rock pile

71. Shoreline of a pond receiving AMD showing massive accumulation of iron hydroxides on the pond bottom

72. Groundwater flow through a tailings impoundment and discharging into lakes or streams.

73. 5. Nuclear Energy 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal

74. Nuclear Energy In a conventional nuclear power plant
a controlled nuclear fission chain reaction
heats water
produce high-pressure steam
that turns turbines
generates electricity.

75. Nuclear Energy Controlled Fission Chain Reaction
neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as of Uranium or Plutonium
release energy (heat)

76. UtubeVideo

77. Radioactivity
Radioactive decay continues until the the original isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is not radioactive
Radioactivity: Nuclear changes in which unstable (radioactive) isotopes emit particles & energy

78. Radioactivity Types Sources of natural radiation
Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, and therefore are positively charged
Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons)
Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays)
Sources of natural radiation
Soil
Rocks
Air
Water
Cosmic rays

79. Half-Life
The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to form a different isotope
Half-time emitted
Uranium million yrs alpha, gamma
Plutonium yrs alpha, gamma
During operation, nuclear power plants produce radioactive wastes, including some that remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years

80. Diagram of Radioactive Decay
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

81. Effects of Radiation Genetic damages: from mutations that alter genes
Genetic defects can become apparent in the next generation
Somatic damages: to tissue, such as burns, miscarriages & cancers

82. www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

83. Radioactive Waste
1. Low-level radiation (Gives of low amount of radiation)
Sources: nuclear power plants, hospitals & universities
1940 – 1970 most was dumped into the ocean
Today deposit into landfills
2. High-level radiation (Gives of large amount of radiation)
Fuel rods from nuclear power plants
Half-time of Plutonium 239 is years
No agreement about a safe method of storage

84. Radioactive Waste 1. Bury it deep underground.
Problems: i.e. earthquake, groundwater…
2. Shoot it into space or into the sun.
Problems: costs, accident would affect large area.
3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet.
Problems: long-term stability of ice is not known, global warming
4. Most likely plan for the US
Bury it into Yucca Mountain in desert of Nevada
Cost of over $ 50 billion
160 miles from Las Vegas
Transportation across the country via train & truck

85. Yucca Mountain
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

86. Reprocess Nuclear Fuel
During the operation of a nuclear reactor the uranium runs out
Accumulating fission products hinder the proper function of a nuclear reactor
Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every year
Source:
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

88. Nuclear Energy
Concerns about the safety, cost, and liability have slowed the growth of the nuclear power industry
Accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island showed that a partial or complete meltdown is possible

89. Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

90. Three Mile Island
March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown
50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area
Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released
Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion
Released radiation increased cancer rates.

92. Chernobyl
April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung radioactive debris into atmosphere
Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths
Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths;
About 400,000 people were forced to leave their homes
~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated
> Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity
Cost of incident > $358 billion

94. Use of Nuclear Energy U.S. phasing out
Some countries (France, Japan) investing increasingly
U.S. currently ~7% of energy nuclear
No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978
40% of 105 commercial nuclear power expected to be retired by 2015 and all by 2030
North Korea is getting new plants from the US
France 78% energy nuclear

95. End Here
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