1. 1.

3. Introduction to the Archaea
Life's extremists. . .
Dr. Carl Woese
U of Illinois
DNA sequences

5. Finding Archaea : The hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA, were among the first places Archaea were discovered. At left is Octopus Spring, and at right is Obsidian Pool. Each pool has slightly different mineral content, temperature, salinity, etc., so different pools may contain different communities of archaeans and other microbes. The biologists pictured above are immersing microscope slides in the boiling pool onto which some archaeans might be captured for study.

6. Salt-lovers : immense bloom of a halophilic ("salt-loving") archaean species at a salt works near San Quentin, Baja California Norte, Mexico. This archaean, Halobacterium, also lives in enormous numbers in salt ponds at the south end of San Francisco

7. Different groups of Archaea:
Halophiles: extreme salt concentration
Thermophiles: extremely high temperature
Psychrophiles: extremely cold temperature
Alkalidophiles/Alkaliphiles: extreme basic condition
Acidophiles: extreme acidic condition
Methanogens: under the mud
Planktonic: open sea with planktons

8. Methanococcus jannischii was originally isolated from a sample taken from a "white smoker" chimney at an oceanic depth of 2,600 meters on the East Pacific Rise.
METHANOGEN
Halobacterium salinarium is an extreme halophile that grows at 4 to 5 M NaCl and does not grow below 3 M NaCl
HALOPHILE

9. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (T. D
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (T.D. Brock)Sulfolobus is an extreme thermophile that has been found in geothermally-heated acid springs, mud pots and surface soils with temperatures from 60 to 95 degrees C, and a pH of 1 to 5
THERMOPHILE
                                                                                                                                                                     
The copper-tolerant, acidophilic bacteria seen in this electron micrograph extract high concentrations of copper from sulfide minerals without being harmed
ACIDOPHILE

10. Not so inhospitable : It used to be unthinkable that life could exist at temperatures near boiling, but some archaeans thrive under these conditions. Geysers, like the one shown above, are home to such microbes and may help us understand how life existed when the Earth was young.

11. Bacteria: peptidoglycan cell wall
Archaea: isoprene cell wall
Plants: cellulosic cell wall
Fungi: chitinous cell wall

13. Bacteria: The Modern Microbes

14. Bacteria: Fossil Record
The picture is a short chain of cyanobacterial cells from the Bitter Springs Chert of Northern Australia (about 1 billion years old).
Palaeolyngbya sp.
the Cyanobacteria or "blue-green algae“ (previous classification system) have left a fossil record that extends far back into the Precambrian (Stromatolites)
the oldest cyanobacteria-like fossils known are nearly 3.5 billion years old, among the oldest fossils currently known

15. STROMATOLITES -rock made of banded domes of sediment in which are
found the most ancient forms of life: prokaryotes dating back as far as 3.5 BYO
LAYERS

16. 3. Obligate aerobe and anaerobe
Aerobe vs. Anaerobe
2. Facultative anaerobe
3. Obligate aerobe and anaerobe
Bacterial Way of Life: Response to Gaseous Oxygen
Asexual vs. Sexual
Asexual- Binary fission vs. Budding
Bacterial Way of Life: Mode of Reproduction
Bacterial Way of Life: Number of Cells
Unicellular vs. Multicellular

17. Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic a. Chemoautotroph vs. Photoautotroph
Bacterial Way of Life: Ways of Obtaining Energy
Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic
a. Chemoautotroph vs. Photoautotroph
b. Chemoheterotroph vs. Photoheterotroph

18. Bacterial Way of Life: Response to Gram Staining

19. Bacterial Way of Life: Released Toxins & Adaptation
Endotoxins vs.Exotoxins vs. Endospore
Bacterial Way of Life: Released Toxins & Adaptation

21. Bacterial Way of Life: 3 Mechanisms of Genetic Recombination
Conjugation
Bacterial Way of Life: 3 Mechanisms of Genetic Recombination

23. Transduction
Transduction

25. Benefits from Prokaryotes
Produce antibiotics such as streptomycin
Symbiont in animals (including humans), roots of certain plants (nitrogen fixation)
Yogurt, fermented milk, sourdough bread
A major decomposer