1. Europe in the 15th Century
AP World History Notes
Chapter 13

2. Please analyze this cartoon

3. Ashes, Ashes we all fall down ….
The Black Death ….
Ring around the Rosie
Pocket full of posies
Ashes, Ashes we all fall down ….

5. The Black Death..
In the fourteenth century some catastrophic changes took place in Europe. The worst was the Black Death
It horrified people and seemed an incomprehensible evil force
Bubonic plague was the most common form of the Black Death. Black rats infested with fleas carrying a deadly bacterium spread it. Italian merchants brought it from Caffa, on the Black Sea.

6. D. Usually the Black Death followed trade routes
D. Usually the Black Death followed trade routes. Between 1347 and 1351 it ravaged most of Europe. Possibly as many as 38 million people died in those four years
E. Many people believed the plague was a punishment sent by God for their sins or was caused by the devil.
The plague led to an outbreak of anti-Semitism—hostility toward
Jews.
Persecution was the worst in Germany. Some people thought that the Jews had caused the plague by poisoning their towns’ wells.
F. The death of so many people had strong economic consequences. Trade declined; the shortage of workers made the price of labor rise. The lowered demand for food resulted in falling prices.
G. Landlords were paying more for labor as their incomes declined. Some peasants bargained with their lords to pay rent instead of owing services. This change in effect freed them from serfdom, which had been declining throughout the High Middle Ages.

8. European State-Building
2nd half of 15th century = began to recover from the plague and rebuild its population
State-building occurred as Europe rebuilt politically
Fragmented system of many separate, independent, and highly competitive states
Examples: Spain, Portugal, France, England, etc.

9. European State-Building

10. European State-Building
All of these states began to:
Tax their citizens more efficiently
Create more effective administrative structures
Raise standing armies
State-building driven by:
The needs of war  warfare very frequent in such a fragmented and competitive political environment

11. Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) Between England and France
Fought over rival claims to territories in France
Result = French victory

12. Joan of Arc ( )
Born a peasant girl; became a French female knight
Led the French army to several important victories in the Hundred Years’ War
Claimed divine guidance
Captured by the English and burned at the stake at 19 years old

13. Renaissance = 1300s-1600s Cultural awakening in Western Europe
Began in Italy
Means “rebirth” in French
Transition from the Dark Ages/Medieval Times to modern times
Embraced ancient Roman and ancient Greek traditions

14. Why Did it Begin in Italy?
Italy had avoided large economic crisis in Europe during Middle Ages
Italian cities = centers of Mediterranean trade
Italians = attached to classical Roman traditions
Italian towns = close contact with Byzantine Empire which preserved Greek traditions

15. Humanism Renewed interests in the classics of Greece & Rome
Humanism = intellectual movement that focused on secular (worldly, nonreligious) themes rather than religious ideas that had dominated medieval thought

16. Humanism
Believed in individualism = emphasis on the dignity & worth of the individual person
Believed that people should try to improve themselves

17. Education & Literature
Opened schools that taught the humanities
Greek, Latin, history, philosophy, etc.
New types of literature
Written in the vernacular = everyday language
Sonnets = short poems of 14 lines
Petrarch = wrote sonnets about love & nature

18. Education & Literature
New types of literature
Autobiographies
The Prince = book written by Niccolo Machiavelli
Discussed politics
Said rulers should use force & deceit to maintain power --> Do what you gotta do

19. The Renaissance
3 cities played leading roles in the Renaissance = Florence, Venice, Rome

20. Florence Controlled by the Medici family Rulers encouraged humanism
Birthplace of the Italian Renaissance
Medici wealth was used to support artists, philosophers, writers

21. Florence

22. Rome Renaissance popes had the ancient city rebuilt
Large churches, magnificent paintings, and sculptures
Most notable effort = rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica = largest Christian church in the world

23. St. Peter’s

24. Venice Prospered as a trade city
Trade link between Asia & western Europe
Known for its artistic achievements

25. Renaissance Art Subjects were lifelike Used perspective in paintings
Studied human anatomy
Great artists were revered & had a prominent place in society
Art featured both classical mythology as well as religious themes

26. Architecture Returned to the classical style
Domes, columns
Greatest architect = Brunelleschi

27. Duomo in Florence

28. The Gates of Paradise

29. Sculpture Nude figures in bronze & marble
Resembled ancient Greek & Roman statues

30. Sculpture
Donatello, Michelangelo, Ghiberti = came from Florence

31. The Ninja Turtles

32. Sculpture
Famous statue by Michelangelo = Statue of David

33. La Pieta

34. Painting Realistic style
Giotto = painted famous frescoes = murals/paintings on walls

35. Painting
Leonardo da Vinci = painted the Mona Lisa & the Last Supper

36. Painting
Michelangelo = painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel