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Steps in the Scientific Method
Observation Hypothesis Experiment Data Collection Conclusion Retest
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Solving a Problem 1)Identify a Problem
2) State Observations about the problem 3) Form a Hypothesis about the problem (if…then…) 4) Design an Experiment to test the hypothesis 5) Collect Data 6) Form a Conclusion 7) Retest
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A good or “valid” experiment will only have ONE variable!
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Controls and Variables
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Scientific Experiments Follow Rules
An experimenter changes one factor and observes or measures what happens.
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The Control Variable The experimenter makes a special effort to keep other factors constant so that they will not effect the outcome. Those factors are called control variables.
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What is the Purpose of a Control?
Controls are NOT being tested Controls are used for COMPARISON
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Other Variables The factor that is changed is known as the independent variable. The factor that is measured or observed is called the dependent variable.
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Example of Controls & Variables
For example, suppose you want to figure out the fastest route to walk home from school. You will try several different routes and time how long it takes you to get home by each one. Since you are only interested in finding a route that is fastest for you, you will do the walking yourself.
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What are the Variables in Your Experiment?
Varying the route is the independent variable The time it takes is the dependent variable Keeping the same walker throughout makes the walker a control variable.
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Remember: To be a Valid Experiment:
Two groups are required --- the control & experimental groups There should be only one variable
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Data Results of the experiment May be Quantitative (numbers)
Qualitative Data that cannot be measured.-descriptions Colors, textures, appearance
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Data Must be organized Can be organized into charts, tables, or graphs
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Line Graphs 5/3/2019
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What is the difference between a bar graph and a line graph?
Bar Graph vs Line Graph What is the difference between a bar graph and a line graph?
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5/3/2019
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What can time be measured in???
Line graphs: graph used to show change over time. What can time be measured in??? Seconds - Minutes - Hours – Days - Weeks - Months – Years - Decades - Centuries - etc.
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Would we use a line graph in the following situations:
When to use a line graph? Would we use a line graph in the following situations: To show how many people like pizza in this class? NO To show how much it rained each month this year? YES- because months and years deal with time. To show how many people go to Chic-Fil-a on Friday? NO 5/3/2019
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How do we make a line graph?
A line graph ALWAYS has a title! A line graph has two different axis’s Horizontal line (called x axis) or Vertical line (called y axis) Y X
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X-axis and Y-axis The x and y-axis usually starts with zero on a line graph It is important to make sure that the intervals on our y-axis are always equal. What does this mean??? 5/3/2019
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Intervals Make sure that you use a congruent number system Example:
2, 4, 6, 8, 10 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 5/3/2019
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Plotting a Line graph Independent variable Dependent variable
on the X (horizontal axis). Dependent variable on the Y (vertical axis). Time in minutes 5/3/2019
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Use the following information to make a graph.
Make your own….. Use the following information to make a graph. Remember to read the information carefully and label everything! 5/3/2019
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Mr. Tyler’s Height Age Height (inches) 5 40 inches 10 48 inches 15
20 74 inches 25 75 inches 5/3/2019
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Mr. Tyler’s Height Mr. Mamula’s Age
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Lets Try Another One Cost of a Teddy Bear 2010 $15 2011 $25 2012 $35
2013 $95 2014 $85 2015 $30 2016 $10 5/3/2019
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Cost Of Teddy Bear 5/3/2019 Year
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Is the information the same on both graphs?
5/3/2019
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