1. Confirmation Bias
We prefer, look for, remember, and understand information that agrees with what we already believe.1 2

2. Confirmation Bias
Also called “myside bias,” because we prefer things that are on our own side (my side) of an issue.1 2

3. For Example
Many Koreans think that kimchi can prevent or reduce cancer. If Korean students look at one study showing kimchi reduces cancer, and one study showing kimchi causes cancer, the students usually think the first study is better.

4. 3

5. For Example
Someone who does not like Trump will ignore anything he does that is good, and only remember things he did that were bad. They will only read news that talks about how bad he is, and ignore any news that shows his good sides.

6. 4

7. For Example
A teacher thinks one student is very smart and another student is not. So, she does not remember when the “not smart” student does something well, and forgets when the “smart” student makes mistakes.

8. If a card has a vowel (AEIOU) on one side, it must have an even number on the other (2, 4, 6, 8). 1
Which card(s) would you turn over to know if this is true or false? A B 4 7

9. If Vowel, then Even #
is not
If Even #, then Vowel A B 4 7

10. If Vowel, then Even #
Picking B can’t show us anything, because it is only about vowels. A B 4 7

11. If Vowel, then Even #?
A and 7 could each prove it false, or both prove it true. A B 4 7

12. If Vowel, then Even #
Picking 4 could only confirm what you already knew, not show false. A B 4 7

13. BE 5

14. Sources 1 “Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises”
by Raymond S. Nickerson fd63ab2a9e67c4.pdf
2 Image from
3 Image from confirmation-bias-square-self
4 Image from confirmation-bias-it-s-not-what-we-think-we-know-that-counts
5 Image from is-a-hammer-maslows-hammer-confirmation-bias-redux/