1. Bell Ringer
On your index card, identify which of the following presidents were the most effective. Give two reasons that support why you choose this president. Remember to write in complete sentences. When you are done staple or tape the index card to your classes anchor chart.
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
Andrew Jackson

2. SSUSH8 – Explore the relationship between slavery, growing north-south divisions, and westward expansion that led to the outbreak of the Civil War.
Events Leading to the Civil War
In the decades before the Civil War, three distinct regions developed in the United States: the North, the South, and the West. Sharp divisions emerged between the economies and culture of the North and South.
In the West, settlers from both the North and South merged to create a distinct way of life.
The expansion into the West was not without conflict- both political and physical.
These cultural and economic clashes ultimately led to the outbreak of Civil War in the United States.

3. a. Explain the impact of the Missouri Compromise on the admission of states from the Louisiana Territory
Missouri had applied for statehood at a time when there were 11 free and 11 slave states
The Missouri Compromise concerned the territory acquired from the Louisiana Purchase, which both expanded America's land holdings, while also posing a threat to the delicate balance achieved in Congress.
The dilemma began with the application of Missouri as a slave-state.
If admitted, Missouri would upset the even proportion of slave states and free states within the U.S. Senate since at the time there were 11 free states and 11 slave states.
The Compromise to this problem would become known as the Missouri Compromise of 1820
The following would be the components of the Compromise which was put together by Henry Clay
Henry Clay would later become known as the Great Compromiser for his various solutions to American problems during this time in history

4. a. Explain the impact of the Missouri Compromise on the admission of states from the Louisiana Territory

5. a. Explain the impact of the Missouri Compromise on the admission of states from the Louisiana Territory
Clay’s Missouri Compromise included the following provisions:
First, Maine and Missouri would both enter the Union. Maine would enter as a free state and Missouri would enter as a slave state, thus preserving the balance in the Senate.
Second, the rest of the Louisiana Territory would be subject to a geographic division at the 36o , 30” line of latitude (Missouri’s southern border). Slavery would be prohibited north of the line, except in Missouri. Slavery would remain untouched south of the line.
The Missouri Compromise passed both bodies of Congress and James Monroe signed it into law in March 1820.

6. B. Examine James K. Polk’s presidency in the fulfillment of Manifest Destiny including the Texas annexation and Oregon.
James K. Polk became the eleventh President of the United States after winning a close election in Once in office, Polk added to the nation's western lands by annexing Texas and part of Oregon.
Many Americans believed that expansion across the continent was the destiny of the United States.
Others worried that the bold acquisition of land would lead to war.
The actions of James K. Polk during his presidency did both- he added territory to the United States and fought a war with Mexico over expansion.

7. Examine James K. Polk’s presidency in the fulfillment of Manifest Destiny including the Texas annexation and Oregon.
Manifest Destiny was a phrase coined to describe the belief that America was to expand and settle the entire continent of North America.
The center of population growth in the years after the War of 1812 was in the future states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and northern Kentucky.
In this region three factors encouraged families in the eastern states to move into the Midwest.
First, American Indians were removed from the region.
Second, land speculators acquired large tracts of land and were eager to sell.
Third, as the national infrastructure moved westward it was easier to migrate west.
Texas was annexed and when Polk took office it was up to him to deal with Mexico's reaction to the American claim to land they viewed as their own.
Since 1818, Great Britain and the United States had essentially shared claim to Oregon through a treaty that was signed between the two nations calling for joint occupation. It was likely that Polk would have to fight Mexico to resolve the southern border dispute in Texas and also fight Great Britain to secure claim to the Oregon territory.

8. c. Analyze the impact of the Mexican War on growing sectionalism.
The United States, under the leadership of President James K. Polk, took Texas into the Union in As a result, war broke out between the United States and Mexico over differing frontier claims in Texas.
The Mexican War began after the United States annexed Texas and insisted that the new border with Mexico was the Rio Grande River. Mexico, however, insisted that the border was the Nueces River.
In addition, Mexico believed that the United States had set its sights on the Mexican territories of New Mexico and California. The United States had twice attempted to purchase the territories from Mexico.
The provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo included:
1. The Rio Grande River would be the recognized border between the United States and Mexico.
2. Mexico ceded the territories of California and New Mexico (eventually becoming all or parts of seven states). The area became known as the Mexican Cession.
3. The United States paid $15 million to the Mexican government and assumed the claims of American citizens against the Mexican government.

9. d. Explain how the Compromise of 1850 arose out of territorial expansion and population growth.
The Compromise of 1850 was four years in the making. Northern Whigs and Southern Democrats engaged in heated attacks on one another over the status of slavery in the Mexican Cession.
Then the discovery of gold in California in 1848 rapidly increased the population of the territory past the 100,000 citizens necessary for statehood. As a part of their plan of statehood, Californians drew up a state constitution that outlawed slavery in the proposed state.
Southern politicians objected to California's admission as a free state on two points. First, Southerners argued that the exclusion of slavery in the territory violated the Missouri Compromise (the compromise line would split the state).
Second, Northerners already controlled the House of Representatives and Southerners feared the admission of California would upset the balance of free and slave states in the Senate.
Northern and Southern representatives argued bitterly over California.

10. d. Explain how the Compromise of 1850 arose out of territorial expansion and population growth.
In Clay and Calhoun's absence, Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts worked to split the proposal into separate bills so that Congressmen could vote on each separately. The five bills then moved through the Congress individually and were ultimately passed.
Collectively, the five laws were known as the Compromise of The provisions of the compromise included:
1. The state of New Mexico would be established by carving its borders from the state of Texas.
2. New Mexico's voters would determine whether the state would permit or prohibit slavery.
3. California would be admitted as a free state.
4. All citizens of the United States, regardless of region, would be required to apprehend runaway slaves and return them to their owners. Those who failed to do so would be fined or imprisoned.
5. The slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia, but the practice of slavery would be allowed to continue there.

11. e. Evaluate the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular sovereignty, Scott v. Sanford, John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, and the election of 1860 as events leading to the Civil War.
Four issues in the last years of the 1850s further polarized the nation over the issue of slavery and pushed the North and South toward open conflict in the Civil War.
The issues were each political in nature and some involved increasing violence.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was an unsuccessful attempt to use popular sovereignty as a solution to the slavery question.
The Supreme Court, in Scott v. Sanford, effectively overturned the Missouri Compromise. John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry marked an escalation of violence over the slavery issue.
These events represent mounting sectional division. The trigger event that prompted the outbreak of the Civil War was Abraham Lincoln's Republican victory in the Presidential election.
No one event is responsible for the Civil War, instead the cumulative effect of many events led to the conflict.

12. Standard 8 Academic Terms
Manifest Destiny
Sectionalism
Popular Sovereignty
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Missouri Compromise
Kansas-Nebraska Act
John Brown’s Raid
Manifest Destiny
Compromise of 1850