1. Cell Structure & Function

2. THE CELL THEORY The cell is the basic unit of all living things.
All organisms are composed of one or more cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells

3. The History Many people experimented with making microscopes
The first microscope was 6 feet long!!!
The Greeks & Romans used “lenses” to magnify objects over 1000 years ago.

4. The History Hans and Zacharias Janssen of Holland in the 1590’s created the “first” compound microscope
Zacharias Jansen
The “First” Microscope

5. The History Robert Hooke & Anton van Leeuwenhoek
made improvements by working on the lenses
Robert Hooke
Hooke Microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek

6. History
In 1665 Robert Hooke examined a thin slice of cork with a single magnifying lens and observed tiny compartments
He gave them the latin name cellulae, meaning small rooms - hence the origin of the term cell.
He later observed cells in plant tissues and observed the cells were “fill’d with juices”

7. History 1820 - Robert Brown observed a nucleus in orchid cells
In the early 1700’s Leeuwenhoek looked at pond water and called the microscopic organisms “animalcules”
These were the first observations of living cells
Robert Brown observed a nucleus in orchid cells

8. History
In 1838, Matthius Schleiden stated all plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann stated all animals are made of cells .

9. Cell discovery Robert Hooke - discovered cells while looking at
cork cells. mid-1600s
Anton von Leeuwenhoek - discovered life while
looking at pond water. mid-1600s
Mattias Schwann - all animals consists of cells.1830s
Theodore Schleiden - all plants consists of cells.1830s

11. What must you do to live? What must cells do to live?
What parts are necessary?
What functions are necessary?
What happens when something goes wrong?

12. Cells have many different parts called organelles that work together to keep it alive.
3 main parts of the cell:
1. Nucleus – The brain. The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
It is the largest organelle in the cell and it contains the nucleolus and DNA.
2. Cell membrane – Gives the cell shape and hold the cytoplasm.
3. Cytoplasm – Jellylike material that makes up most of the cell Most chemical reaction in the cell take place here.
All organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.

13. Three main parts of a cell
CYTOPLASM
CELL
MEMBRANE
NUCLEUS

14. The Nucleus!!!!
Nuclear membrane (or Nuclear Envelope)–
surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the cell.
allows materials in & out of the nucleus.

15. The Nucleus!!!
Has small openings in the nuclear membrane called Pores….
Nuclear Pores allow RNA
And other things to enter and
Leave

16. The Nucleus. Nucleolus – 1. found within the nucleus. 2
The Nucleus!!! Nucleolus – 1. found within the nucleus. 2. produces ribosomes.

17. ( in the nucleus) Chromosomes – Carries information that determines what traits a living thing will have. Found within the nucleus. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) contains all the information for cells to live, perform their functions and reproduce.

18. Are you still awake? In what direction do the arrows point?

19. Cell membrane
The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane.
Fluid = flexibility. Mosaic = many parts.
The membrane is seen as a bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded.

20. Ribosomes Found in the cytoplasm, but most are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes produce proteins.

21. Ribosomes
While attached to the ER, ribosomes produce proteins that are needed in the cell and exported elsewhere in the body.

22. Endoplasmic reticulum – A network of membranes throughout the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are little factories that send proteins to the ER. Transports materials in & outside the cell. Considered smooth or rough.

23. Mitochondria – organelle that converts food molecules into energy(ATP)
Mitochondria – organelle that converts food molecules into energy(ATP). Powerhouse of the cell. The process of cellular _________ occurs here.
respiration

24. Mitochondria(continue)
Every type of cell has a different amount of mitochondria.
There are more mitochondria in cells that have to perform lots of work, for example - your leg muscle cells, heart muscle cells etc.

25. Vacuole – Liquid-filled space that stores food, water, and wastes
Vacuole – Liquid-filled space that stores food, water, and wastes. Larger in plant cells. Gives support - turgor pressure. .

26. Vacuole under the microscope

27. Centrioles – Helps with cell reproduction
Centrioles – Helps with cell reproduction. Always found in pairs next to the nucleus

28. Centrioles align spindle fibers

29. Chloroplasts Found only in plant cells
Chloroplasts Found only in plant cells. Contains green pigment (chlorophyll), that traps energy from the sun. Photosynthesis occurs here.

30. Cell wall Found only in plant cells
Cell wall Found only in plant cells. A thick covering outside the cell membrane.

31. Cell wall protects the cellular contents
gives support to the plant structure
provides a porous medium for the circulation  and distribution of water, minerals, and other small nutrient molecules
The cell wall is formed from fibrils of cellulose molecules

32. Lysosomes-(lysol). -contains digestive enzymes
Lysosomes-(lysol) -contains digestive enzymes break down materials, such as worn out cells and bacteria.

33. Golgi bodies – Receives proteins from rough ER
Golgi bodies – Receives proteins from rough ER. Packages and delivers proteins to needed areas.

34. Cytoskeleton. - made of microtubules, that give
Cytoskeleton - made of microtubules, that give structure and support to the cell. -found within the cytoplasm.

35. Animal cell vs. Plant cell centrioles. cell wall, chloroplast
Animal cell vs. Plant cell centrioles cell wall, chloroplast & larger vacuole
cytoskeleton

38. Prokaryotic Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
Few internal structures
One-celled organisms, Bacteria

39. Eukaryotic Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
Most living organisms
Plant
Animal

40. Differences between Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have many organelles Prokaryotic lack organelles no nucleus
Eukaryotic are much larger than Prokaryotic cells
Examples of Eukaryotic cells - animal & plant cells Examples of Prokaryotic cells - bacterial cells

41. smooth ER / mitochondria / nucleus / nucleolus / cell membrane
centriole / golgi appartatus / cytoskeleton
lysosomes / ribosomes / rough ER / cytoplasm
mitochondria
lysosomes
golgi appartatus
nucleolus
rough ER
nucleus
smooth ER
centriole
cytoskeleton
cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes