1. Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.69
Figure 1 Dynamic changes in microglial marker levels and profiles over time after intracerebral haemorrhage.
Figure 1 | Dynamic changes in microglial marker levels and profiles over time after intracerebral haemorrhage. Top panel, dashed red curve: microglial M1-like response exhibits a decreasing trend in the first 14 days. Top panel, dashed blue curve: microglial M2-like response exhibits an increasing trend in the first 14 days. Bottom panel: microglia exhibit an M1-like response as early as 6 h after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), as shown by upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). M2 markers, such as arginase-1 (Arg1), chitinase-like protein 3 (also known as Ym1), CD206, CD163 and IL-10, start to increase on day 1 after ICH. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is upregulated from day 7 until day 14 post-ICH. Although a mixed M1-like and M2-like microglial phenotype is evident during days 1 to 3, the balance of evidence supports an M1 to M2 phenotype switch in the first 7 days. IFNγ levels increase on day 7 after ICH, and levels of most proinflammatory cytokines return to baseline on day 14.
Lan, X. et al. (2017) Modulators of microglial activation and polarization after intracerebral haemorrhage
Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi: /nrneurol