1. Study Tips
When in class – take notes. Write down examples, hints, words repeated over and over Making your cheat sheet –use practice tests When taking the test – look for EXCEPT, BUT… Read all the answers. P.S. Respect your teachers. We’re not stupid!

2. REVIEW TEST 3

3. Stages of prenatal development
Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal
How can you remember this? Germ, embryo, fetal (like fetal position)
Most delicate: where most birth defects begin

4. What does Fetal Alcohol Syndrome look like?
Small head
Heart Defects
Irritability
Hyperactivity
Retarded mental and motor development

5. Does environment effect motor development?
In which room would babies typically sit up, crawl and walk faster?

6. Does culture effect motor development?
Which baby will typically begin sitting up, crawling, and walking first?

7. Attachment– the emotional bond between a child and their caregiver
Separation Anxiety – emotional distress that infants feel when they are separated from their caregiver
Attachment refers to the close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers.
Separation anxiety is emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment.

8. Types of attachment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DH1m_ZMO7GU
Secure - is marked by distress when separated from caregivers and are joy when the caregiver returns
Avoidant - tend to avoid parents or caregivers. When offered a choice, these children will show no preference between a caregiver and a complete stranger
Anxious-ambivalent - children usually become very distressed when a parent leaves and then are not consoled upon their return.

9. EIGHT stages of psychosocial crisis
Infant: birth -1 yrs
Toddler: 1 to 2 yrs
Preschooler: 2 to 6 yrs
Grade-schooler: 6 to 12 yrs
Teenager: 12 to 18 yrs
Young Adult: 19 to 40 yrs
Middle-age: 40 to 65 yrs
Late Adult: 65 to death
According to Erikson, adulthood involves three stages:
Intimacy vs. isolation is the concern with the ability to share intimacy with others, and should lead to empathy and openness.
Generativity vs. self-absorption involves concern for future generations, resulting in unselfish guidance to younger people.
Integrity vs. despair involves overcoming the tendency to dwell on mistakes of the past, as well as the imminent presence of death
FLAW with Erik Erickson’s – stage theory – pays little attention to individual differences!

10. Stage 4 Stage 3 Stage 2 Stage 1
Formal Operational Period
Mental operations applied to abstract ideas -does not have a physical example in the real world ; logical, systematic thinking
Concrete Operational Period
Mental operations applied to concrete events –
Tangible (can be
seen, touched…; mastery of conservation, hierarchical classification
Stage 2
Stage 1
Preoperational Period
Development of Symbolic thought marked by irreversibility,
Centration, and
egocentrism
Sensorimotor Period
Coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence
In the sensorimotor stage, a child progressively develops object permanence, or the recognition that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible.
[click to view next stage]
In the preoperational stage, children engage in symbolic thought, with characteristic flaws in their reasoning such as centration, the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, and egocentrism, the limited ability to share another’s viewpoint. This results in animism, the belief that all things are living, just like oneself.
The concrete operational stage is characterized by the ability to perform operations with symbolic thought such as reversing or mentally undoing an action. Children in the concrete operational stage are able to focus on more than one feature of a problem simultaneously, a process called decentration. These new cognitive skills lead to conservation, or recognizing that amount of a substance does not change just because appearance is changed.
The formal operational period is marked by the ability to apply operations to abstract concepts such as justice, love, and free will.
Birth Thru 2 Years
2 Thru 7 Years
7 Thru 11 Years
Age 11 Thru Adulthood
FLAW with Piaget’s stages – underestimates importance of environmental factors and social situations while overestimating maturation (development)

11. Lawrence Kohlberg
In moral dilemmas, Kohlberg wanted to know not what you would do but why you would do it.
Ex: If he were giving you a survey, he would ask
“What was your reason for stealing”
He wouldn’t be interested in what, how, where, when only YOUR REASON!
Lawrence Kohlberg devised a stage theory of moral development based on subjects’ responses to presented moral dilemmas.
Kohlberg was interested in a person’s reasoning, not necessarily their answer.
He theorized that people progress through a series of three levels of moral development, each of which can be broken into 2 sublevels.
Each stage represents a different way of thinking about right and wrong.

12. This is why adolescents do dangerous things!
The prefrontal cortex is the last portion of the brain to mature. It controls planning, complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior. Allow thoughts and actions to be in line with internal goals (i.e. you are sitting in class right now so you can get a good job)
In recent years, the increasing availability of MRI scans has allowed researchers to study the developing adolescent brain.
The “white matter” increases, reflecting increasing myelinization.
At the same time, there is evidence of increased synaptic pruning.
These changes are thought to reflect maturation in the prefrontal cortex. It appears that the prefrontal cortex is the last area of the brain to mature fully. Some researchers have suggested that this is connected with the increase in risky behaviors during adolescence.
Prefrontal Cortex
This is why adolescents do dangerous things!

13. Adolescence Identity Status
Identity Moratorium - active struggling for a sense of identity
Identity achievement – Successful achievement of a sense of identity
Identity Foreclosure – Unquestioning following of values of your guardians or not actively searching for an identity with no feeling of need to do so

14. Alzheimer’s disease – NOT a normal part of aging!
- Speed in learning, solving problems and processing info declines
- Memory losses associated with normal aging are moderate
- Small decrease in average intelligence
What about intellectual productivity?
Alzheimer’s disease – NOT a normal part of aging!
a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease causes 50 to 80 percent of dementia (which is a brain disease) cases

15. The Big Five
Extraversion – outgoing, friendly, assertive, sociable, upbeat
Neuroticism - anxious, insecure, hostile, self-conscious, vulnerable
Openness to experience - curious, flexible, artistic, imaginative
Agreeableness – sympathetic, modest, trusting, corporative
5. Conscientious – diligent, punctual, dependable, disciplined, well-organized

16. Rogers/Maslow Humanistic psychology
Remember Kumbaya – is this realistic?
- People can rise above their primitive heritage
- People are conscious, rational beings and are not controlled by their unconscious. Humans have free will to chart their own destinies.
People can rise above deterministic forces – we do not always have to succumb to satisfying basic needs
Believed that children must have unconditional love to grow up to be happy, healthy adults.
Individuals have freedom and the potential to grow

17. EGO – 2nd ID – 1st Superego – 3rd
Freud - Psychoanalytic – decisions humans make are based on their unconscious urges and mechanisms
EGO – 2nd
Holds Urges in Check With Reality –
Secondary process thinking
Gratify Urges Immediately -
Primary process thinking
Holds Urges in Check With Morality
Freud saw behavior as the outcome of an ongoing series of internal conflicts between the id, ego, and superego; with conflicts centering on sex and aggressive impulses having far reaching consequences.
These conflicts lead to anxiety, which causes the ego to construct defense mechanisms, exercises in self-deception, as protection.
ID – 1st
Superego – 3rd

18. Freud – Defense Mechanisms
Rationalization - justify unacceptable behavior with excuses,
Repression - burying distressful thoughts in the unconscious
Projection - attributing your own thoughts and feelings to someone else
Displacement - diverting emotions from their original source to a substitute target.

19. Freud’s controversial psychosexual stages
Developmental Psychosexual Stages that affect personality:
One of Freud’s most controversial theories. He believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages in which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas. Areas are:
Oral, Anal, Phallic (genitals), Latent (suppressed), Genital
Freud believed that the foundation of personality is laid by the age of 5. He theorized that the ways in which children deal with immature sexual urges (sexual used as a general term meaning physical pleasure) during different stages of development shape personality.
He proposed 5 psychosexual stages, each with a characteristic erotic focus and developmental challenge.

20. Parenting styles

21. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

22. Social Cognitive Theory