1. Figures adapted from the TIEDI Analytical Report #16: Labour market outcomes of immigrants by educational attainment, gender and age Report available at:

2. License:
There is no cost to use the figures included in this file. We ask however that you acknowledge TIEDI and use the figures for non-commercial purposes only.
For comments or questions, contact the TIEDI Principal Investigator, Dr Philip Kelly or the TIEDI Project Coordinator, Stella Park

3. Relevant for this series (Figures 1A-E):
Earnings are expected to increase with age as people acquire more experience in the labour market. As expected, older adults between the ages of 45 and 64 have higher earnings for all but one level of education.
For every age group, all immigrants have lower annual earnings than Canadian-born adults.
The lowest earners for both Canadian-born and immigrants are those in the age groups, and recent entrants in the labour market.
Relevant for this figure:
At the bottom of the labour market, middle-aged adults between the ages of 35 and 44 years who did not finish high school have higher earnings than 45 to 64 year-olds with the same education.

4. Relevant for this series (Figures 1A-E):
Earnings are expected to increase with age as people acquire more experience in the labour market. As expected, older adults between the ages of 45 and 64 have higher earnings for all but one level of education.
For every age group, all immigrants have lower annual earnings than Canadian-born adults.
The lowest earners for both Canadian-born and immigrants are those in the age groups, and recent entrants in the labour market.
Relevant for this figure:
Recent immigrants in the 35 to 44 year age bracket who are high school graduates have higher earnings than older and younger adults with the same educational attainments and period of arrival.

5. Relevant for this series (Figures 1A-E):
Earnings are expected to increase with age as people acquire more experience in the labour market. As expected, older adults between the ages of 45 and 64 have higher earnings for all but one level of education.
For every age group, all immigrants have lower annual earnings than Canadian-born adults.
The lowest earners for both Canadian-born and immigrants are those in the age groups, and recent entrants in the labour market.

6. Relevant for this series (Figures 1A-E):
Earnings are expected to increase with age as people acquire more experience in the labour market. As expected, older adults between the ages of 45 and 64 have higher earnings for all but one level of education.
For every age group, all immigrants have lower annual earnings than Canadian-born adults.
The lowest earners for both Canadian-born and immigrants are those in the age groups, and recent entrants in the labour market.

7. Relevant for this series (Figures 1A-E):
Earnings are expected to increase with age as people acquire more experience in the labour market. As expected, older adults between the ages of 45 and 64 have higher earnings for all but one level of education.
For every age group, all immigrants have lower annual earnings than Canadian-born adults.
The lowest earners for both Canadian-born and immigrants are those in the age groups, and recent entrants in the labour market.
Relevant for this figure:
Adults with a university degree who are 45 to 64 years of age have the highest earnings among all Canadian-born and immigrant groups.

8. Relevant for this series (Figures 2A-E):
Regardless of their levels of education, male and female immigrants usually earn less on average than Canadian-born men and women.
Immigrant men who did not finish high school are the only exception to this pattern. Their earnings are approximately $750 higher than those of Canadian-born men with the same educational attainment.
The earnings gap is most pronounced for immigrant men who arrived between 2001 and The earnings gap is also largest for recent immigrant women.
Canadian-born and immigrant women consistently earn less than their male counterparts. The earnings gap between men and women increases with education.

9. Relevant for this series (Figures 2A-E):
Regardless of their levels of education, male and female immigrants usually earn less on average than Canadian-born men and women.
Immigrant men who did not finish high school are the only exception to this pattern. Their earnings are approximately $750 higher than those of Canadian-born men with the same educational attainment.
The earnings gap is most pronounced for immigrant men who arrived between 2001 and The earnings gap is also largest for recent immigrant women.
Canadian-born and immigrant women consistently earn less than their male counterparts. The earnings gap between men and women increases with education.

10. Relevant for this series (Figures 2A-E):
Regardless of their levels of education, male and female immigrants usually earn less on average than Canadian-born men and women.
Immigrant men who did not finish high school are the only exception to this pattern. Their earnings are approximately $750 higher than those of Canadian-born men with the same educational attainment.
The earnings gap is most pronounced for immigrant men who arrived between 2001 and The earnings gap is also largest for recent immigrant women.
Canadian-born and immigrant women consistently earn less than their male counterparts. The earnings gap between men and women increases with education.

11. Relevant for this series (Figures 2A-E):
Regardless of their levels of education, male and female immigrants usually earn less on average than Canadian-born men and women.
Immigrant men who did not finish high school are the only exception to this pattern. Their earnings are approximately $750 higher than those of Canadian-born men with the same educational attainment.
The earnings gap is most pronounced for immigrant men who arrived between 2001 and The earnings gap is also largest for recent immigrant women.
Canadian-born and immigrant women consistently earn less than their male counterparts. The earnings gap between men and women increases with education.

12. Relevant for this series (Figures 2A-E):
Regardless of their levels of education, male and female immigrants usually earn less on average than Canadian-born men and women.
Immigrant men who did not finish high school are the only exception to this pattern. Their earnings are approximately $750 higher than those of Canadian-born men with the same educational attainment.
The earnings gap is most pronounced for immigrant men who arrived between 2001 and The earnings gap is also largest for recent immigrant women.
Canadian-born and immigrant women consistently earn less than their male counterparts. The earnings gap between men and women increases with education.

13. Relevant for this series (Figures 3A-E):
The unemployment rates for all immigrants are generally higher than for Canadian-born adults across educational groups.
The unemployment rate is also lower for immigrants who have lived longer in Canada. With more recent periods of immigration, the unemployment rate is higher at all levels of education.
There is little fluctuation in the unemployment rates for all immigrants across levels of educational attainment. The Canadian-born unemployment rates vary, decreasing with higher levels of educational attainment.
Education reduces unemployment rates for both Canadian-born and immigrant adults. The immigrant unemployment rate for the same educational groups also declines, but the impact of education is smaller.

14. Relevant for this series (Figures 3A-E):
The unemployment rates for all immigrants are generally higher than for Canadian-born adults across educational groups.
The unemployment rate is also lower for immigrants who have lived longer in Canada. With more recent periods of immigration, the unemployment rate is higher at all levels of education.
There is little fluctuation in the unemployment rates for all immigrants across levels of educational attainment. The Canadian-born unemployment rates vary, decreasing with higher levels of educational attainment.
Education reduces unemployment rates for both Canadian-born and immigrant adults. The immigrant unemployment rate for the same educational groups also declines, but the impact of education is smaller.

15. Relevant for this series (Figures 3A-E):
The unemployment rates for all immigrants are generally higher than for Canadian-born adults across educational groups.
The unemployment rate is also lower for immigrants who have lived longer in Canada. With more recent periods of immigration, the unemployment rate is higher at all levels of education.
There is little fluctuation in the unemployment rates for all immigrants across levels of educational attainment. The Canadian-born unemployment rates vary, decreasing with higher levels of educational attainment.
Education reduces unemployment rates for both Canadian-born and immigrant adults. The immigrant unemployment rate for the same educational groups also declines, but the impact of education is smaller.
Relevant for this figure:
The unemployment rates for adults with trades, college and university levels of education are similar within the Canadian-born and immigrant groups. For immigrants, the trades and a college diploma rival the university degree for the lowest unemployment rate.

16. Relevant for this series (Figures 3A-E):
The unemployment rates for all immigrants are generally higher than for Canadian-born adults across educational groups.
The unemployment rate is also lower for immigrants who have lived longer in Canada. With more recent periods of immigration, the unemployment rate is higher at all levels of education.
There is little fluctuation in the unemployment rates for all immigrants across levels of educational attainment. The Canadian-born unemployment rates vary, decreasing with higher levels of educational attainment.
Education reduces unemployment rates for both Canadian-born and immigrant adults. The immigrant unemployment rate for the same educational groups also declines, but the impact of education is smaller.
Relevant for this figure:
It is noteworthy that most of the improvement in unemployment rates is due to postsecondary education.

17. Relevant for this series (Figures 3A-E):
The unemployment rates for all immigrants are generally higher than for Canadian-born adults across educational groups.
The unemployment rate is also lower for immigrants who have lived longer in Canada. With more recent periods of immigration, the unemployment rate is higher at all levels of education.
There is little fluctuation in the unemployment rates for all immigrants across levels of educational attainment. The Canadian-born unemployment rates vary, decreasing with higher levels of educational attainment.
Education reduces unemployment rates for both Canadian-born and immigrant adults. The immigrant unemployment rate for the same educational groups also declines, but the impact of education is smaller.
Relevant for this figure:
The unemployment rates for Canadian-born and immigrants differ most between university graduates, perhaps because of the increasing proportions of recent immigrants who have university degrees but higher unemployment rates compared to immigrants who arrived earlier.

18. Relevant for this series (Figures 4A-E):
For both men and women, the unemployment rates for immigrants are generally higher than the rates for the Canadian-born.
Canadian-born and immigrant women have higher unemployment rates and lower participation rates than their male counterparts regardless of their educational attainments.
Relevant for this figure:
Regardless of immigrant status, men and women who did not finish high school have the highest unemployment rates.

19. Relevant for this series (Figures 4A-E):
For both men and women, the unemployment rates for immigrants are generally higher than the rates for the Canadian-born.
Canadian-born and immigrant women have higher unemployment rates and lower participation rates than their male counterparts regardless of their educational attainments.

20. Relevant for this series (Figures 4A-E):
For both men and women, the unemployment rates for immigrants are generally higher than the rates for the Canadian-born.
Canadian-born and immigrant women have higher unemployment rates and lower participation rates than their male counterparts regardless of their educational attainments.
Relevant for this figure:
Immigrant men with trades qualifications have the lowest unemployment rates of all immigrant men, while a university degree ensures lower unemployment rates for Canadian-born men.

21. Relevant for this series (Figures 4A-E):
For both men and women, the unemployment rates for immigrants are generally higher than the rates for the Canadian-born.
Canadian-born and immigrant women have higher unemployment rates and lower participation rates than their male counterparts regardless of their educational attainments.
Relevant for this figure:
As expected, education reduces unemployment for Canadian-born and immigrant women. Women who have a college diploma or university education have lower unemployment rates than less educated women.

22. Relevant for this series (Figures 4A-E):
For both men and women, the unemployment rates for immigrants are generally higher than the rates for the Canadian-born.
Canadian-born and immigrant women have higher unemployment rates and lower participation rates than their male counterparts regardless of their educational attainments.
Relevant for this figure:
The differences in unemployment rates are largest between Canadian- born and immigrant adults who are university graduates. The unemployment rate for immigrant men exceeds that for Canadian-born men by 2 percentage points, while for women who are university graduates, the unemployment rate for immigrants exceeds that for the Canadian-born by nearly 4 percentage points.