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MACROMOLECULES EOC REVIEW
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Carbon serves as the backbone
Carbon forms covalent bonds.
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Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
The four macromolecules are: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates sugars Think….. Blood sugar hexagon glucose CH2OH O HO H
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Carbohydrates Function….. QUICK ENERGY OH H HO CH2OH O glucose
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Cellular Respiration ATP broken down GLUCOSE ENERGY
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One sugar…. Monosaccharide Glucose - C6H12O6 Fructose - C6H12O6
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Two sugars…. Disaccharide Sucrose…table sugar
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Polysaccharides Many sugars…
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ENERGY STORAGE Polysaccharides – long chains of glucose Function…..
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ENERGY STORAGE Polysaccharides – long chains of glucose
How do animals store energy? - - - in liver Glycogen in liver
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Starch… in plants ENERGY STORAGE
Polysaccharides – long chains of glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose ENERGY STORAGE How do plants store energy? Starch… in plants
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Polysaccharides --- Structure & Support
Cellulose --- the cell wall of plants
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Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
The four macromolecules are: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
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Proteins Think…..protein shake MUSCLES!!! WORK!!!!
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Proteins Proteins are the workhorses of the cell. Special protein??
Proteins do all the work! ENZYMES are proteins!!! Special protein?? Reactions Protection Transport Movement Regulation Communication Structure
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Proteins are long chain of …
Amino Acids
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Protein - - - long chain of amino acids.
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There are 20 different amino acids.
How many amino acids?
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All amino acids have a similar structure.
same —N— H | —C— C—OH || O same same R Different Here
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Amino Acids
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The most important proteins are….
Enzymes Enzymes control thousands of chemical reactions that occur within organisms. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. catalyst metabolism
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ENZYMES Enzymes do their work and come out unchanged
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Lock and Key Specific substrate attaches to specific enzyme
sucrose Enzyme…. unchanged
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How do enzymes speed up reactions?
Enzymes lower the activation energy
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How well an enzyme works depends on:
Temperature pH ( acids & bases)
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Temperature and Activity of Enzyme
Human enzymes 37° reaction rate temperature The activity of the enzyme decreases at temperatures above and below the optimum temperature.
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pH and Activity of Enzyme
Stomach pepsin Intestine trypsin Optimum pH = 3 Optimum pH = 8 reaction rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH Each enzyme works best at a specific pH.
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Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
The four macromolecules are: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
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LIPIDS Fats & Oils Think….. Cholesterol
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Lipids do not dissolve in water.
Lipids are nonpolar. Lipids do not dissolve in water. Oil Water
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Long Term Energy Storage
Function… Long Term Energy Storage Animals - fats Plants - oil
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Lipids
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Lipids are composed of fatty acids.
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Lipids are composed of fatty acids.
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Saturated Fatty Acid: Unsaturated Fatty Acid
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Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
The four macromolecules are: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
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DNA RNA There are two types of nucleic acids:
__________ or deoxyribonucleic acid __________ or ribonucleic acid DNA RNA DNA contains the genetic information and the instructions for making proteins. DNA contains . . .
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Chromosomes are composed of DNA.
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Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides.
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Base P A nucleotide is made of three parts: A phosphate A sugar A base
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Four different nucleotides
Adenine Thymine P P Sugar Sugar Cytosine Guanine P P Sugar Sugar
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REVIEW
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What is the formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
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Proteins include enzymes muscles antibodies
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Lipids include Fats and oils phospholipids cholesterol
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Do lipids dissolve in water?
A lipid is a nonpolar molecule that does not dissolve in water. Oil Water
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Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA
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DNA contains the genetic information
and the instructions for making proteins
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Carbohydrates are sugars
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Carbohydrates are composed of
Glucose…monosaccharides monosaccharide
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Proteins are composed of
Amino acids
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Lipids are composed of fatty acids
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Nucleic acids are composed of
nucleotides B B B P P P S S S
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protein Which macromolecule? Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino
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Which macromolecule? carbohydrate
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Which macromolecule? proteins amino acid amino acid
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What is this? A fat
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Which macromolecule? Lipid
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What are these? sugars monosaccharides
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Which macromolecule? carbohydrate
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What is this? A nucleotide Base P Sugar
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Which macromolecule? Nucleic acid Base P Sugar
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What is this? An amino acid —N— H | —C— C—OH || O R variable group
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Which macromolecule? protein —N— H | —C— C—OH || O R variable group
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DNA What is this?
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Nucleic acid Which macromolecule?
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Molecule that speeds up chemical reactions
enzymes
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What is this? A polysaccharide
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Which macromolecule? carbohydrate
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fats cushions organs & insulates body
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Nucleic acids Which macromolecule? nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide
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What is this? An amino acid
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Which macromolecule? proteins
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What are these? monosaccharides
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Which macromolecule? carbohydrate
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What is this? A nucleotide
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Which macromolecule? A nucleic acid
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What are these? disaccharides
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Which macromolecule? carbohydrates
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DNA & RNA Which macromolecule? Nucleic acids
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What is this? An amino acid
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Which macromolecule? proteins
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Muscles are composed of
protein
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What are these? Fatty acids
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Which macromolecule? lipids
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What is this? polysaccharide
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Which macromolecule? carbohydrate
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What is this? A nucleotide
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Which macromolecule? A nucleic acid
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What are these? Amino acids
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Which macromolecule? proteins
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What is this? A phospholipid
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What structure is composed
of phospholipids? Cell membrane
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cellulose The cell wall of plants is composed
of the above macromolecule. The above macromolecule is ... cellulose
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nucleotides Adenine --- A Thymine --- T Cytosine --- C Guanine --- G
These are the bases for nucleotides Adenine --- A Thymine --- T Cytosine --- C Guanine --- G
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What contains more energy?
1000 g of carbs 1000 g of fat 1000 g of protein
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glucose What is the monomer? glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose
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What is this? polysaccharide
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Which macromolecule? carbohydrate
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Glycogen What is it? This macromolecule is found in the
liver of animals. What is it? Glycogen
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Energy storage What is it’s function? This macromolecule
is found in the liver of animals. What is it’s function? Energy storage
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What is the function of glucose?
This is a molecule of … (a specific name) glucose What is the function of glucose? To provide energy for cells.
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What is this? Triglyceride
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Triglyceride is a …. Fat or oil
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Long term energy storage
The function of this molecule is … Long term energy storage
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glucose What is the monomer? glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose
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starch Energy storage This macromolecule is found in plants.
glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose This macromolecule is found in plants. What is it? starch Energy storage What is the function of the above macromolecule?
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To provide energy for cells.
What is the function of this molecule? To provide energy for cells.
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? enzyme
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substrate ?
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products ?
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