1. Carbon Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry
Distinguish between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
Conduct research on issues associated with acid rain.
Research the importance of energy conservation.
Explore nuclear energy and its impact on science and society.

2. Organic Compounds Diamond Graphite Fullerenes Hydrocarbons
Hardest substance
Network solid-covalent bonds are rigid and compact
Graphite
Soft and slippery
Sheets of carbon layered together
Fullerenes
Cages of carbon
C60-looks like a soccer ball
Hydrocarbons
Chains of hydrogen and carbon

3. Fossil Fuels Mixtures of hydrocarbons from plants and animals Coal
Solid
Produces lots of soot
Natural Gas
From marine life
Methane, ethane, propane, and butane
Petroleum
From animals
Crude oil-long chains of hydrocarbons

4. Combustion
A source of carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water, and energy
Combustion of fossil fuels can cause acid rain by releasing sulfuric, nitric, and carbonic acids

5. Polymers Large molecule made of repeating units called monomers
Synthetic
Rubber-made from petroleum
Nylon-fibers to make rope, clothing
Polyethylene-HDPE and LDPE (recyclables)
Natural
Starches-sugars linked together
Cellulose-cell walls
Nucleic acids-DNA and RNA
Proteins-made of amino acids

6. Radioactivity Unstable atoms emit particles and energy
Atoms can change from one element to another
Alpha particles, a
2 protons and 2 neutrons emitted, helium atom
Can be stopped by paper
Beta particles, b
Like adding a proton
Can be stopped by thin metal
Gamma rays, g
Like adding a proton and emitting radiation
Can be stopped by lead or concrete

7. Radiation Can damage cells and tissue, causing cancer
Can change DNA, causing mutations
a & b affect surface tissues
g affects internal tissues
Use Geiger counter or badges to detect radiation

8. Decay Half-life Carbon dating
Time needed for half of a sample to decay
Constant rate of decay for isotopes
Carbon dating
Determines age of object by comparing C-14
For objects less than 50,000 years old

9. Fission and Fusion Fission Chain Reaction Fusion
Atom hit with neutron and breaks apart
Power plants
Chain Reaction
Neutron produced during fission triggers more splits
Fusion
Two atoms smash together to form a new one
The sun