1. DL PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND CONSULTING LIMITED
Presentation Prepared By:
Dale Lee, P.Eng.
May 30, 2013
Google

2. Agenda DL Petroleum Engineering and Consulting Ltd.
Waterflood Concepts
Our Methodology
Devon Waterfloods (Diana Goldstein)
Q&A

3. DL PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND CONSULTING Limited
Engineering focus
Analyze reservoirs’ production performance
Predict the locations of underperforming wells
Injectors and Producers
Predict underperforming regions of reservoirs
Infill Drilling
injector conversions
Primary Analytical Tool: Oil Field Manager (OFM)

4. DL PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND CONSULTING Limited
Engineering focus
Statistical analyses of hydrocarbon production
Spatial statistics (i.e. kriging & Regression Analysis)
Petro-physical data
Pressure & Production history
Purpose
Optimize hydro-carbon recovery
Make money

5. DL PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND CONSULTING Limited
Previous Studies:
Arsenal Energy: Provost Area – Analyzing pools
Bangladesh (BGFCL): Titas – non associated gas field
Devon Energy: Ferrier – waterflood
CNRL: Nipisi – waterflood
Grand Forks – waterflood
Petro-Canada: Golden Lake – heavy oil waterflood
Bellshill Lake – bottom water drive
Wapiti – primary oil production
Williston Green - waterflood

6. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS Objectives of Waterflooding
Maintain pressure support above bubble point
Keep gas in solution
Minimize oil viscosity (gas dissolved in oil)
Physical displacement of the oil by the water
Balance the voidage replacement ratios (VRR)
VRR = (Injection/Production) at res. conditions
Optimize oil recovery

7. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS Pressure Temperature phase envelope
C to C1 considered waterflood zone
Petroleum Society Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy & Petroleum, Determination of Oil and Gas Reserves, Petroleum Society Monograph No. a, Pg. 147

8. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS Criteria for Waterflooding
Geology (k, θ, Sw, heterogeneity index)
Single layer model (Buckley Leverett)
Multi layer model (Dykstra and Parsons)
Gas saturation
𝑆 ′ 𝑔 < 𝑆 ∗ 𝑔 (Craig, The Reservoir Engineering Aspects Of Waterflooding)
Mobility ratios
0.3< (𝐾 𝑟𝑤 ∗ 𝜇 𝑜 )/( 𝐾 𝑟𝑜 ∗ 𝜇 𝑤 )<10
(𝐾 𝑟𝑤 ∗ 𝜇 𝑜 )/( 𝐾 𝑟𝑜 ∗ 𝜇 𝑤 )=1, Ideally

9. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS Four stages of Waterflooding
Start of injection to interference
Interference to fill-up
Fill up to breakthrough
Breakthrough to economic flood-out limit
Injection rates (piston displacement)
𝑞 𝑤𝑖 =2∗ 𝑞 𝑜 𝐵 𝑜 until fill-up
𝑞 𝑤𝑖 = 𝑞 𝑜 𝐵 𝑜 after fill-up

10. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS Recovery Factor (RF)
RF = Displacement Efficiency (DE)
x Volumetric Sweep Efficiency (VSE)
𝐷𝐸= 1− 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 − 𝑆 𝑤𝑐 1− 𝑆 𝑤𝑐
𝑉𝑆𝐸=(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝐸 ∗ 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝐸)

11. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS Google: 𝐾 𝑟𝑜 - Variable 𝐾 𝑟𝑜 - Constant
May 22, 2013 – Date Accessed

12. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS
Determine ROIP (Remaining oil in place)
𝑅𝑂𝐼𝑃= 𝐶∗(1− 𝑆 𝑤𝑒𝑐 )∅𝐴ℎ 𝐵 𝑡 from start of waterflood
Determine OOIP (Original oil in place)
𝑁= 𝐶∗(1− 𝑆 𝑤𝑐 )∅𝐴ℎ 𝐵 𝑜𝑖
Determine recovery factor at start of waterflood
𝑅𝐹%= (𝑁 −𝑅𝑂𝐼𝑃) 𝑁 ∗ 100

13. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS
Example – Ferrier Unit #2 (Devon)

14. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS ferrier performance

15. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS voidage replacement ratio
𝑉𝑅𝑅= 𝑞 𝑤𝑖 𝛽 𝑤𝑖 𝑞 𝑤𝑝 𝛽 𝑤𝑝 + 𝑞 𝑜 𝛽 𝑜 + 𝑞 𝑔 𝛽 𝑔
𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑉𝑅𝑅= 𝑞 𝑤𝑖 𝛽 𝑤𝑖 𝑞 𝑤𝑝 𝛽 𝑤𝑝 𝑞 𝑜 𝛽 𝑜 𝑞 𝑔 𝛽 𝑔

16. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS pressure data analysis

17. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS fluid pvt data

18. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS fractional flow (water)
Fractional Flow equations
𝑓 𝑤 = 𝑞 𝑤 𝑩 𝒘 𝒒 𝒘 𝑩 𝒘 + 𝒒 𝒐 𝑩 𝒐 + 𝒒 𝒈 𝑩 𝒈 𝑞 𝑤 𝛽 𝑤 =𝐶∗ 𝑘 𝑟𝑤 𝑘ℎ 𝑃 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑤 𝜇 𝑤 ln 𝑟 𝑒 𝑟 𝑤
Used to calculate average (point) water saturation around a given producer
𝑓 𝑤 =1/(1+ (𝑲 𝒓𝒐 ∗ 𝜇 𝑤 )/( 𝐾 𝑟𝑤 ∗ 𝜇 𝑜 )+ (𝐾 𝑟𝑔 ∗ 𝜇 𝑤 )/( 𝐾 𝑟𝑤 ∗ 𝜇 𝑔 ))
Used to generate fractional flow plot as a function of water saturation, Sw, (Buckley Leverett)

19. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS Ferrier example

20. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS fractional flow curve (water)

21. WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS producer water saturation

22. OUR METHODOLOGY Our methodology delivers:
Production Forecasts - Fractional Flow Analyses
Production Trends - OFM Scatter Plots
Production Trends - Aerial Maps
Individual Well Production Analysis
Regional or Pattern Production Analysis
Inadequate Injection Support Identification
Damaged Injector Identification

23. Our methodology fractional flow (oil)
Fractional Flow equations
𝑓 𝑜 = 𝑞 𝑜 𝑩 𝒐 𝜇 𝑜 𝒒 𝒐 𝑩 𝒐 𝜇 𝑜 + 𝒒 𝒘 𝑩 𝒘 𝜇 𝑤 + 𝒒 𝒈 𝑩 𝒈 𝜇 𝑔 𝑞 𝑜 𝛽 𝑜 𝜇 𝑜 =𝐶∗ 𝑘 𝑟𝑜 𝑘ℎ 𝑃 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑤 ln 𝑟 𝑒 𝑟 𝑤
Used to calculate average (point) oil saturation around a given producer
𝑓 𝑜 =1/(1+ (𝐾 𝑟𝑤 /( 𝐾 𝑟𝑜 )+ (𝐾 𝑟𝑔 )/( 𝐾 𝑟𝑜𝑔 ))
Used to generate fractional flow plot as a function of oil saturation, So

24. Our methodology fractional flow (oil)

25. Our methodology fractional flow (@so)

26. Our methodology fractional flow (water)

27. Our methodology fractional flow (oil)

28. Our methodology fractional flow (gas)

29. Our methodology forecast - fractional flow

30. Our methodology producer oil saturation

31. OUR METHODOLOGY producer quadrant analysis

32. OUR METHODOLOGY conformance plots

33. OUR METHODOLOGY conformance plots
Conformance plot of recovery factor as a function of hydrocarbon pore volume injected for each pattern. The thick black line represents the average pattern

34. OUR METHODOLOGY injector hall plots

35. OUR METHODOLOGY incremental oil calculations
The red curve is used as a base line for calculating incremental reserves (100,000 bbl)

36. OUR METHODOLOGY statistical analysis
Year 2010
First regression
Fit 43 of 139 wells
Second regression
Fit 23 of 139 wells
Third regression
Fit 11 of 139 wells
Total fit 77 wells
± 20%
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟= 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑖𝑙 −𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑥 100

37. OUR METHODOLOGY statistical analysis
Statistical Study
139 wells
77 modeled ± 20%
16 wells under performed
46 wells over performed (e.g. pressure support)

38. OUR METHODOLOGY Statistical Limitations
Regression equations are only valid for the dataset analyzed
Attention to end points
(e.g. modeling relative permeability curves)
Statistical models iterative
Results can change with dataset and location
Fractional flow analysis can not be generalized
One reservoir is not necessary representative of other reservoirs
Each dataset requires individual analysis

39. Our methodology fractional flow (oil)
First presented at the 46th Annual Technical Meeting May, 1995 in Banff
Published in the Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, August 1996

40. Next: devon waterfloods (Diana Goldstein)