1. 5.3
Central Europe

2. The Thirty Years’ War
Peace of Augsburg divides Lutherans and Catholics, although both dislike Calvinists
Ferdinand II, ruler of Czech kingdom, future Holy Roman Emperor and head of Hapsburg Family closes Protestant churches
Protestants revolt against closings
Army sent in to stop revolt
Protestant princes want to challenge Catholic emperor

3. The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 Two phases of the Thirty Years’ War
Phase 1 = Hapsburg victories
Phase 2 = Hapsburg defeats
From Hapsburgs win many victories
Stop Czech revolts
Defeat German princes
Allows army to plunder & rob as payment

4. The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 Hapsburg defeats
Swedish king (Protestant) sends troops in 1630
Cardinal Richelieu & Cardinal Mazarin of France help Protestants – WHY?
They were worried about Hapsburgs gaining too much power
War devastates Germany
4 million Germans die
Agriculture & trade ruined
Economy is horrible

5. Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 Peace of Westphalia
Weakens Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria
Gives France some German territory
German princes independent of Holy Roman emperor
Ends religious war in Europe
Introduces new peace negotiation process where all parties (winners and losers) involved
Most important result of Thirty Years’ War:
No Catholic empire – equal independent states would exist

6. Developing the States
3 major powers = Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire, Poland
Central Europe development slow
Economy different – central Europe rulers do not encourage capitalism
In Poland, nobles weaken king’s power
Little income, no law courts, no army
Ottoman’s expanded empire to limit
Holy Roman Empire weak by Thirty Years’ War

7. Developing States
Two families try to become strong rulers since no major power in central Europe
Austrian Hapsburg Family
Eliminated Protestantism during 30 Years’ War
Forced new Czech nobility to swear loyalty
Took Austria from Ottomans
Many cultures in Hapsburg empire: Czech, Austrian, Italian, Hungarian, Croatian, German
Many cultures = difficulty in ruling
Maria Theresa inherits Austrian throne

8. Prussian Empire Frederick the Elector = Prussian leader
Builds strong military
Buys enemies’ loyalty
Runs militarized society
Frederick the Great = son
Son loved music, poetry, philosophy
Dad thought son was weak
Son forced to watch beheading of his best friend
Follows dad’s military policy, but encouraged religious toleration, legal reform
Felt a ruler should be like a father

9. War of Austrian Succession
Frederick the Great wants part of Austrian land for resources
Underestimates Maria Theresa’s strength
Because she’s a woman she must be weak
Maria Theresa wins war but loses part of land to Prussia
Prussia now a major world power

10. The Seven Years’ War
Maria Theresa becomes allies with France
Frederick the Great signs alliance with Britain
Prussia attacks Austrian ally – all major European powers involved
Battles of war take place all over the world
Europe, India, North America
War does not change European situation
Britain gains control of India, some French colonies in North America