1. RESIDENTS‘ RESPONSE TO SAFETY AND SECURITY ISSUES IN INFORMAL GROUPS
AUTHORS:
ASJA BABIČ and PATRICIJA LUNEŽNIK
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

2. Residents‘ response to safety and security questions
FORMAL INFORMAL
Groups that have a special function,
is formally determined by rules and formal management,
police, members of the local community, mayor and the media.
Without formal leadership and organization,
considered of interest, friendly, supportive
  and a virtual group
family, friends, acquaintances.
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

3. Literature review
Family and friends have dominated the role of social support to help people to control a lifetime situation.
Walen in Lachman (2000): there is a difference, whether social support comes from the family, partner or friends.
The family represents the fundamental sense of security and provides assistance.
Ferrari, Harriott and Zimmerman (1999): people, who do not get support and trust in a family circle are looking for it in a circle of friends.
also since humans are social beings, we are searching for informal relationships, trust and support even at workplaces within co-workers.
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

4. Literature review
Antonucci (1985): gender and age affect different perceptions of social support.
The biggest difference is observed in young families, because they are more introverted.
Informal response is the most common way of responding to safety and security issues.
They are passive and likely to remain at the level of discussion within the immediate family social circle.
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

5. If there comes a security issue in the municipality, how do you respond to it?
Never Very often
I talk about it with my family
I talk about it with my friends
I talk about it with my co-workers
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

6. Analysis of the response of the residents - 2011 and 2017
µ  talk about with their family (3,92)
talk about with their friends (3,74)
talk about with their co- workers(3,12)
The response on security problems:
They talk about it with their family
They talk about it with their co-workers
They talk about it with their friends N
Valid
2217
2195
2212
Missing 10 32 15
Mean
3,92
3,12
3,74
Median
4,00
3,00
Mode 5 3 4
Standard deviation
1,08
1,22
0,99
Minimum 1
Maximum
M  talk about with their family (4)
talk about with their friends (4)
talk about with their co- workers (3)
Mo  talk about with their family (5)
talk about with their friends (4)
talk about with their co- workers(3)
σ  talk about with their friends(0,99)
talk about with their family (1,08)
talk about with their co- workers (1,22)
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

7. Cumulative percentage %
The response on safety and security problems – They talk about it with their family
Frequency
Percentages %
Valid percentages %
Cumulative percentage %
Valid
Never 83
3,7
Sometimes
134
6,0
9,8
Less often
483
21,7
21,8
31,6
Often
695
31,2
31,3
62,9
Very often
822
36,9
37,1
100,0
Total
2217
99,6
Missing 99 10
0,4
2227
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

8. Cumulative percentage %
The response on safety and security problems – They talk about it with their co-workers
Frequency
Percentages %
Valid percentages %
Cumulative percentage %
Valid
Never
309
13,9
14,1
Sometimes
316
14,2
14,4
28,5
Less often
660
29,6
30,1
58,5
Often
628
28,2
28,6
87,2
Very often
282
12,7
12,8
100,0
Total
2195
98,6
Missing 99 32
1,4
2227
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

9. Cumulative percentage %
The response on safety and security problems – They talk about it with their friends
Frequency
Percentages %
Valid percentages %
Cumulative percentage %
Valid
Never 59
2,6
2,7
Sometimes
162
7,3
10,0
Less often
596
26,8
26,9
36,9
Often
864
38,8
39,1
76,0
Very often
531
23,8
24,0
100,0
Total
2212
99,3
Missing 99 15
0,7
2227
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

10. A comparison between 2011 and 2017
They talk about it with co-workers:
Never
Sometimes
Less often
Often
Very often
Year
2011
12,6%
16,7%
31,1%
26,5%
13,1%
2017
15,2%
29,3%
30,2%
12,7%
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

11. The impact of gender on responding to safety and security problems
They talk about it with the family:
Never
Sometimes
Less often
Often
Very often
Gender
Male
3,3%
7,6%
24,3%
33,7%
31,1%
Female
4,0%
4,7%
19,6%
29,3%
42,3%
MALE – OFTEN (33,7%)
FEMALE – VERY OFTEN (42,3 %)
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

12. The impact of gender on responding to safety and security problems
They talk about it with their co-workers:
Never
Sometimes
Less often
Often
Very often
Gender
Male
10,6%
15,5%
32,6%
29,8%
11,5%
Female
17,1%
13,4%
27,9%
27,6%
14,0%
MALE – never 10,6%
FEMALE – never 17,1 %
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

13. The impact of age to response on safety and security problems
They talk about it with their family:
Never
Sometimes
Less often
Often
Very often
Age
18-30
3,9%
8,9%
23,0%
30,3%
34,0%
31-45
3,0%
4,6%
20,5%
35,6%
36,3%
46-60
3,4%
4,4%
20,3%
32,2%
39,7%
61-
4,8%
5,9%
23,2%
26,4%
39,6%
18-30 age– very often 34,0 %
31-45 age– very often 36,3 %
46-60 age– very often 39,7 %
61 – age – very often 39,6 %
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

14. The impact of age on response to safety and security problems
They talk about it with their co-workers:
Never
Sometimes
Less often
Often
Very often
Age
18-30
11,5%
20,9%
32,0%
24,2%
11,4%
31-45
7,4%
12,0%
32,2%
34,2%
14,2%
46-60
8,7%
12,3%
29,5%
34,1%
9,8%
61-
10,5%
24,9%
20,6%
15,5%
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

15. The impact of age on response to safety and security problems
They talk about it with their friends:
Never
Sometimes
Less often
Often
Very often
Age
18-30
2,3%
6,4%
25,5%
39,3%
26,5%
31-45
2,1%
7,1%
26,7%
42,0%
22,1%
46-60
6,7%
27,0%
41,1%
23,0%
61-
4,6%
9,8%
29,1%
32,5%
24,0%
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

16. The impact of education on response to safety and security problems
They talk about it with their family:
Never
Sometimes
Less often
Often
Very often
Education
Unfinished primary school
6,7%
46,7%
33,3%
primary school
8,0%
5,2%
21,1%
26,3%
39,4%
Middle school education
3,5%
6,6%
22,7%
31,7%
35,5%
High school
2,7%
7,7%
21,6%
35,1%
32,9%
College education
2,9%
4,4%
20,2%
32,0%
40,5%
Specialization, master degree
0,0%
5,6%
16,9%
32,4%
45,1%
PhD
20,0%
40,0%
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

17. The impact of education on response to safety and security problems
They talk about it with their co- workers:
Never
Sometimes
Less often
Often
Very often
Education
Unfinished primary school
33,3%
13,3%
46,7%
0,0%
6,7%
Primary school
38,3%
16,0%
21,8%
7,8%
Middle school education
13,8%
32,2%
28,2%
12,5%
High school
9,0%
11,7%
29,7%
36,9%
12,6%
College education
7,7%
15,6%
30,5%
Specialization, master degree
1,4%
18,3%
23,9%
42,3%
14,1%
PhD
5,0%
25,0%
55,0%
15,0%
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

18. The impact of education on response to safety and security problems
They talk about it with their friends:
Never
Sometimes
Less often
Often
Very often
Education
Unfinished primary school
6,7%
0,0%
53,3%
26,7%
13,3%
Primary school
5,6%
9,6%
29,6%
31,2%
24,0%
Middle school education
2,5%
7,6%
27,4%
38,9%
23,7%
High school
4,1%
6,8%
24,3%
42,3%
22,5%
College education
1,5%
6,4%
25,1%
41,6%
25,3%
Specialization, master degree
4,2%
45,1%
28,2%
PhD
35,0%
45,0%
20,0%
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

19. The impact of size of the settlement to response on safety and security problems
They talk about it with their co-workers:
Never
Sometimes
Less often
Often
Very often
Size of the settlement
House, hamlet, small village
13,4%
12,0%
32,1%
30,7%
11,8%
Countryside
13,6%
18,3%
28,6%
27,0%
12,6%
Suburb
14,4%
13,7%
30,4%
24,6%
17,0%
City (center)
12,9%
29,7%
31,4%
11,6%
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

20. CONCLUSION Informal circles are very important for every individual,
the individual's response to safety and security issues varies according to factors:
The greatest deviation is observed in education (higher education - they talk about it more with their families than those with lower ones);
Younger generations are less likely to talk about safety and security issues with their families than middle-aged or older generation.
The influence of social environment,
the acceptance of the individual into the group-relations.
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018