1. Quotations
Borrowed ideas presented in the exact language of the source.
Must be enclosed in quotation marks
Use the source’s words, punctuation, spacing, etc. exactly as they appear in the source (unless indicated with ellipsis points or brackets)

2. Essay 2 Requirements Use at least three quotations from your sources.
No more than about 15% of your essay may be quotations (about four full quoted lines per page).
Be selective: Save quotations for important and/or well-written material.
Recognize that quotations don’t have to be lengthy. Short quotations, even phrases, can work well.

3. Integrating Quotations Correctly
Introduce the quotation
Use a short phrase with a comma
Use a full sentence with a colon
Combine with your own sentence with no additional punctuation
Include the writer’s last name in the introduction to the quotation or in the parentheses at the end.
Include the page number (if there is one) in parentheses at the end of the quotation.
Place the final period after the parentheses.

4. Short Phrase with Comma
According to Binggeli, “Successful wayfinding is the ability to naturally orient oneself in the environment and to easily locate a destination without experiencing stress” (11).
As one author notes, “Successful wayfinding is the ability to naturally orient oneself in the environment and to easily locate a destination without experiencing stress” (Binggeli 11).
NOTE: If there is punctuation other than a period to end the quotation, include it inside the quotation marks and still place a period after the parentheses.

5. Full Sentence with Colon
Binggeli notes the importance of wayfinding: “Successful wayfinding is the ability to naturally orient oneself in the environment and to easily locate a destination without experiencing stress” (11).
One design text notes the importance of wayfinding in this way: “Successful wayfinding is the ability to naturally orient oneself in the environment and to easily locate a destination without experiencing stress” (Binggeli 11).

6. NOT: Binggeli notes the importance of wayfinding
NOT: Binggeli notes the importance of wayfinding. “Successful wayfinding is the ability to naturally orient oneself in the environment and to easily locate a destination without experiencing stress” (11).
NOT: Binggeli notes the importance of wayfinding, “Successful wayfinding is the ability to naturally orient oneself in the environment and to easily locate a destination without experiencing stress” (11).

7. Your Sentence, No Punctuation
Binggeli notes that “Successful wayfinding is the ability to naturally orient oneself in the environment and to easily locate a destination without experiencing stress” (11).
One source emphasizes the importance of wayfinding “without experiencing stress” (Binggeli 11).

8. It has to make sense!
Integration: Fit the quotation into your sentence so that it is logically, grammatically, and stylistically effective.
NOT: According to Binggeli, “the ability to orient oneself in the environment and to easily locate a destination without experiencing stress” (11).
INSTEAD: According to Binggeli, effective wayfinding involves “the ability to orient oneself in the environment and to easily locate a destination without experiencing stress” (11).

9. Ellipsis Points for Omitted Material
Binggeli notes that “Successful wayfinding is the ability to naturally orient oneself in the environment and to easily locate a destination without experiencing stress” (11).
Binggeli notes that “Successful wayfinding is the ability to easily locate a destination without experiencing stress” (11).

10. As one author notes, “Successful wayfinding is the ability to naturally orient oneself in the environment and to easily locate a destination without experiencing stress” (Binggeli 11).
As one author notes, “Successful wayfinding is the ability to naturally orient oneself in the environment . . .” (Binggeli 11).
NOTE: You do not need to use ellipsis points if you omit something from the beginning of a quotation.

11. Brackets for Added Material
As one author notes, “Successful wayfinding is the ability to naturally orient oneself in the environment [such as IVCC’s hallways] and to easily locate a destination [such as Room B-327] without experiencing stress” (Binggeli 11).
Binggeli points out that wayfinding is only helpful if someone “locate[s] a destination without experiencing stress” (Binggeli 11).

12. Internal Quotations
If the passage you are quoting contains quotation marks within it, change them to single quotation marks.
NOT:
Perez indicates that “without adequate wayfinding measures in place, visitors are more likely to “just give up” without reaching their intended destination” (165).
INSTEAD:
Perez indicates that “without adequate wayfinding measures in place, visitors are more likely to ‘just give up’ without reaching their intended destinations” (165).