1. Sentences
SUBJECT VERB Predicate ,DO,ID,Complement, etc.
Person, place, or thing Action (what did who do) The rest of the sentence
(Who) (what did who do) (when, where, why, and/or how)
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE is a Group of words that has a subject and a verb and can stand alone, it is a complete thought.
She studied in the library for her English test.
DEPENDENT CLAUSE is a Group of words that contain a subject and a verb BUT it cannot stand alone, it is not a complete thought
Even though she studied in the library for her English test
(what happened? We need more information, and this is not a complete thought.)

2. SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
Some students like to study in the mornings.
Juan plays football every afternoon.
Alicia goes to the library to study every day.

3. The Simple Sentence
A simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)
I live in San Francisco.
Subject
Verb

4. COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows:
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells the acronym FANBOYS.)
Except for very short sentences or similar ideas, coordinators are always preceded by a comma.
 I tried to yell for her to look out, but my friend didn’t hear me. 
Alejandro went to play football, so Maria went shopping. 
The sun was shining, yet the rain fell on the dry ground.

5. Compound Sentence She works in the city, but she lives in the suburbs.
Independent Clause
Independent Clause

6. Using a Semicolon Independent Clause ; Independent Clause
I love living in the city ; there are so many things to do.
Independent Clause
Independent Clause

7. COMPOUND SENTENCE: CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS, transitions
accordingly also besides consequently conversely finally furthermore hence however indeed instead
likewise meanwhile moreover nevertheless next nonetheless otherwise similarly still subsequently then therefore thus

8. COMPOUND SENTENCE: CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS with a semicolon
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
Independent Clause Independent Clause 2
If you use a conjunctive adverb and a semi colon, you must have two independent clauses.

9. If you use a conjunctive adverb and you do NOT have two independent clauses then you use a comma and not a semicolon.
If you use a conjunctive adverb and the break (pause) is weak do NOT use a comma or a semicolon.

10. Instead, he was flirting with the pretty waitress at the coffee house.
COMPOUND SENTENCE: CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS can be used at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence and will likely use a comma.
Instead, he was flirting with the pretty waitress at the coffee house.
Maria declined Jeff's third invitation to go out. This young man is determined, nevertheless, to take her to dinner one night soon.
After mowing the yard in the hot sun, Pedro was too hungry to shower. He did wash his dusty hands, however.

11. COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinating conjunction such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.
When he handed in his homework, Jesse forgot to give the teacher the last page.
Although the students have a test tomorrow, they are too excited to see the new movie.

12. Subordinating conjunctions
Complex sentences are formed by putting subordinating conjunctions at the beginning of the DEPENDENT CLAUSE…. They are cues that this is going to be a complex sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions
as, as if, before, after, because, though, even though, through, while, when, whenever, if , during, as soon as, as long as, since, until, unless, where, wherever, in order to, whether, although, whatever, etc.
Even though she studied in the library for her English test, she still woke up early to study some more.

13. Compound-Complex sentence
Even though she studied in the library for her English test, she still woke up early to study some more, but she forgot to eat breakfast.
A comma is needed after a dependent clause with a subordinating conjunction, and a comma is needed before a coordinating conjunction.
If you pause while reading a sentence, 99.99% of the time, it means you need a comma!