1. Fluoroquinolone resistance: mechanisms, impact on bacteria, and role in evolutionary success 
Liam S. Redgrave, Sam B. Sutton, Mark A. Webber, Laura J.V. Piddock 
Trends in Microbiology 
Volume 22, Issue 8, Pages (August 2014)
DOI: /j.tim
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2. Figure 1
Correlation between fluoroquinolone (FQ) usage and resistance rates in countries with high, medium, and low use of FQs. Percentage of FQ-resistant Escherichia coli isolates (bars) and FQ consumption in defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 patients per day (lines) in Greece, France, and Sweden. Greece, France, and Sweden are high, moderate, and low users of FQs respectively (relative to other European countries) and this correlates with high, moderate, and low rates of resistance in E. coli. Data from
Trends in Microbiology  , DOI: ( /j.tim )
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3. Figure 2
Action of type II topoisomerases on DNA. The control of supercoiling by type II topoisomerases in bacteria. Supercoiling is a measure of how over- or under-wound the double helix is and is required for packaging of the bacterial chromosome within the cell and to relieve the torsional stress resulting from DNA replication. DNA gyrase introduces negative supercoils into DNA; bacterial chromosomes favour a negatively supercoiled state. Topoisomerase IV positively supercoils DNA, can also introduce negative supercoils, and has a role in separating the interlinked daughter chromosomes (themselves usually supercoiled) resulting from replication of the chromosome.
Trends in Microbiology  , DOI: ( /j.tim )
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