1. Chapter 5
Tissues

2. Tissues
TISSUES: Organization or communities of similar cells often embedded in nonliving intracellular material called matrix.
Histology - The study of tissues

3. Types of Tissue Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
Appear within 2 months of fetal development.

4. Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial - lack blood vessels (avascular), therefore they receive oxygen through diffusion.
Function:
Protection - skin, mouth, stomach, etc.
Sensory - skin, nose, ears
Secretion - hormones, mucus, digestive juices
Absorption - respiration, gut
Excretion - urine from kidneys

5. Structure of Epithelial Tissue
Cells are tightly packed, little intracellular material.
Always contains one free surface and one surface attached to a basement membrane = connective tissue.
Membranous - thin tissue layer
Squamous - flat, platelike: blood vessels, alveoli
Columnar - narrow, cylindrical: uterine lining
Cuboidal - cubed shaped: glands
Simple - one layer of cells
Stratified - multiple layers of cells
Pseudostratified columnar - single layer of cylinders of different heights

6. Simple Squamous
Squamous – flat, platelike: blood vessels, alveoli

7. Simple Columnar
Columnar – narrow, cylindrical: uterine lining

8. Simple Cuboidal
Cuboidal – cubed shaped: glands

9. Stratified Squamous
Stratified – multiple layers of cells

10. Pseudostratified Columnar
Pseudostratified Columnar – single layer of cylinders at different heights

11. Structure of Epithelial Tissue Continued
Glandular
- specialized for secretion
- function singularly or in clusters
- exocrine – discharges secretions into ducts that open onto surfaces like the skin and digestive tract (ex. tearducts)
- endocrine – discharges secretions into blood or tissue fluid. ex. Thyroid, pituitary

12. Classified according to the way they secrete their products.
Types of exocrine glands:
a. Merocrine – releases fluid by exocytosis
i. Serous cells in the linings of
the body cavity
ii. Mucus cells in the linings
of the digestive and respiratory
systems.
Ex. Salivary glands, sweat glands,
Pancreatic glands.

13. b. Apocrine – Lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies. Ex
b. Apocrine – Lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies. Ex. Mammary glands.

14. Holocrine – entire cell released with fluid
Ex. Sebaceous glands in skin

15. Transitional Epithelium:
Note scalloped edges of
cells on free surface!
Specialized to change
in response to increased
tension. (Expandable)
Found in inner
lining of urinary bladder
and lines the ureters
and part of the urethra.

16. Transitional epithelium changes its appearance with stretching
Transitional epithelium changes its appearance with stretching.  The epithelium on the left is relaxed and the cells appear stacked.   
On the right, the epithelium is stretched,the epithelial cells flatten and the overall epithelium becomes thinner.

17. A. Simple
1. Simple squamous

18. 2. Simple cuboidal
Basement
membrane

19. 3. a. Simple columnar
b. Microvilli
c. Cilia - Ciliated columnar

20. 4a. Glandular

21. 4 b, c, Pseudostratified

23. B. Stratified
5 a. Stratified squamous

24. 6. Stratified cubodial

25. 7a and b: Transitional

27. Connective Tissue Function Attachment
muscle to muscle
muscle to bone
Support - organs and body as a whole.
produce blood cells
store fat
serve as framework
Defense mechanism - fight against infection and repair tissue damage.

28. Connective Tissue Structure Types Cells far apart
Have matrix (intercellular material-fluids, fibers, etc…) between cells.
Types
Adipose
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

29. Types of Connective Tissue
Adipose – fat cells
Protective covering around organs
Insulation
Distribution is different in males and females
Stores energy

30. Types of Connective Tissue Continued
Cartilage – dense fibrous
shock absorbers
heals very slowly (no direct blood supply)
Types
Hyaline – most common, found on the ends of bone.
b. Elastic – more elastic, found on ears
Fibrocartilage – tough tissue, pads between disks in vertebrae.

31. Types of Connective Tissue Continued
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

32. Types of Connective Tissue Continued
Bone
Specialized to form blood
Allows attachment for muscle

33. Types of Connective Tissue Continued
Blood – liquid state
Oxygen movement
Red (transports gases), white (fight infection), and platelet cells (blood clotting)
Plasma = fluid portion
Defense against bacteria
Ischemia = decrease oxygen supply to organs

35. Muscle Tissue Function Types Movement through contraction Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

36. Muscle Tissue Continued
Skeletal
Striated and voluntary
Muscles attached to bone
Controllable

37. Muscle Tissue Continued
Smooth
Involuntary
Found in the walls of hollow internal organs

38. Muscle Tissue Continued
Cardiac
Striated and involuntary
Only found in the heart

39. Nervous Function Types Regulate and integrate communication Neurons
Neuroglia

40. Nervous Continued Neurons – send and receive messages
Neuroglia – connect and support neurons

41. Nervous Continued Structure Soma – body of neuron
Axon – carries impulses away from neuron
Dendrite – carries impulses to neuron