1. Genetic Technology
Applied Genetics

2. Genetics and Biotechnology
Selective Breeding
For thousands of years humans have selected plants and animals with certain qualities
The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations is called selective breeding.
Still use this today
Tomatoe plants, corn, cows
Saint Bernard
Rescue dog
Husky
Sled dog
German shepherd
Service dog

3. Ex’s of Selective Breeding
Farmers select seeds from largest heads of grain, juiciest berries, most disease-resistant clover
Farmers raise cows from best milk producers, save eggs of best egg- laying hens
1947- average cow produced 4997 pounds of milk/year
1997- average cow produced pounds of milk/year
2017- average cow produced pounds of milk/year!!!
What farmers do is actually selectively breeding or artificial selection for desired traits. This results in increasing the frequency of a desired allele within a population

4. Inbreeding develops pure lines
Inbreeding is: the process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations
Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding.
A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful recessive traits also can be passed on to future generations
Examples: dogs and horses

5. Hybrids are usually bigger and better
Selective breeding of plants can increase productivit of food for humans
Ex. disease resistant plant crossed with other plant that produces larger sized fruit. Result will be plant that will be disease resistant AND produce large fruit
*Hybrid= offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait
Wheat, corn, rice, garden flowers ex of hybridized plants

6. Determining Genotype
In order to artifically select the the ‘best’ parents, we need to choose the correct parents to cross, with the desired genotype
Genotype for homozygous recessive, because phenotype is obvious, easy to determine
Homozygous or heterozygous dominant can be difficult to determine

7. Genetics and Biotechnology
Test Cross
A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait.

8. In this test cross of Alaskan malamutes, the known test dog is homozygous recessive for the dwarf allele (dd)and the other dog’s genotype is unknown