1. “Kritikos”
To question, to make sense of, to analyze

2. Syllogistic reasoning

3. Ethos
Pathos
Logos

4. Cell phones present a danger to health.

5. It is wrong to grade on a curve?

6. The drinking age should be lowered to 18.

7. Toulmin
Conclusion
Claim
Reason
Warrant
Evidence
Grounds
Assumption

8. We argue like this… Conclusion The Truth IS We should Reason Because
Backing
And furthermore
Conclusion
The Truth IS
We should
Reason
Because
Evidence
The Facts Are
Assumption
I believe
I value
Possible Rebuttal
Unless
Qualifier
Probably

9. Conclusion or Claim
Reasons or Warrant
Evidence or Grounds
Value and Descriptive
Assumptions

10. Assumptions
Value Assumption: Taken for granted belief about what is most important.
Descriptive Assumption: Taken for granted belief about how the world is, or will become.

11. Examples of Assumptions
It’s a “dog-eat-dog” world out there. (descriptive)
It’s more important to get ahead than to be fair. (value)

12. Examples of Assumptions
Most people want to be and try to be good. (descriptive)
It’s more important for everyone to have their basic needs met than for a small group of people to have a lot, even if they worked very hard for it. (value)

13. Types of Reasoning
Cause
Example
Analogy
Sign
Criteria (Deductive)

14. Reasoning by Cause
The answer to what will happen or why did that happen? One event is claimed to be the result of another. “ Enrollment went up because tuition went down.”

15. Studies show that students who take music lessons get higher grades
Studies show that students who take music lessons get higher grades. Students should take music lessons if they want better grades.

16. Reasoning by Example
Using specific examples to come to general conclusions.

17. “Every time we have used the program, management response has been positive. This is a very popular program and I’m sure you’ll like it.”

18. Reasoning by Analogy
Since A and B are essentially alike, what is true of A is true of B.

19. This worked for our company in New Jersey so well, it should work in our Massachusetts location, too.

20. Reasoning by Sign
A and B are so strongly related that the presence or absence of one indicates the presence or absence of the other. “There’s a lot of smoke coming from that building. It’s probably on fire.”

21. Deductive (Syllogistic)
Using principles, laws, rules or beliefs as the premise of the argument. (If(All men are mortal (major premise) (If) Socrates is a man (minor premise) (Then) Socrates is mortal (conclusion)

22. We have a professional dress code.
Sarah is wearing a very short skirt.
Sarah needs to wear a longer skirt.

23. Being ethical is more important than making money.
An employer needs to offer health insurance to employees in order to be ethical.
We need to offer health insurance even if it lowers our profits.

24. Holistic approaches have a good record of helping people stay healthy.
The primary goal of medicine is to help people stay healthy.
Holistic approaches have a good record of helping people stay healthy.
Holistic approaches should be included in medical treatments.

25. Analyzing the Arguments
What is the claim?
What are the reasons?
Are the reasons strong?
What is the evidence?
Is the evidence strong?
What are the assumptions?