1. Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe 
E.J. Kuijper, B. Coignard, P. Tüll 
Clinical Microbiology and Infection 
Volume 12, Pages 2-18 (January 2006)
DOI: /j x
Copyright © 2006 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Schematic presentation of three toxins produced by Clostridium difficile and their coding regions [73]. (a) Toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB) are encoded on the large chromosomal region PaLoc, which encompasses two toxin genes (tcdA and tcdB) and three additional genes coding for regulatory and putative transport functions (tcdR,E,C). In non-toxigenic strains, PaLoc is replaced by a 115-bp sequence. On a protein level, TcdA and TcdB sequences are 63% homologous, and both are large, single-chain proteins with three functional regions involved in toxic effects, translocation and cell binding. (b) Binary toxin CDT is coded by a separate region with two genes (cdtA and cdtB). On a protein level, binary toxin is composed of two protein chains that are not linked but are both involved in toxic effects.
Clinical Microbiology and Infection  , 2-18DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2006 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2 Relationship among epidemiological definitions.
Clinical Microbiology and Infection  , 2-18DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2006 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions