1. Reproductive Technologies Lesson
Artificial Selection
Hybridization
Artificial Pollination
Artificial Insemination
In Vitro Fertilization
Cloning
Recombinant DNA
Concerns

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3. Reproductive Technologies
_________
Currently:
Selective breeding
Artificial insemination
Recombinant DNA

4. Artificial Selection _________
Choosing individuals with specific traits to reproduce
_________

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6. Corn has been artificially selected to produce large ears with large kernels

7. Artificial Selection Pets _________ Cat breeds ..............
Common ancestor of all dogs and wolves was a (now-extinct) species of wolf

8. Hybridization _________ ..............
E.g., Savannah cat, mule, liger, pluot, sweet corn, Leyland cypress

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10. Artificial Pollination
_________
Can be dusted on or brushed on

11. Artificial Pollination
Can pollinate same flower (self-pollination) or another flower (cross-pollination)
_________

12. Artificial Insemination
Sperm collected from male
Collected sperm inserted into female’s uterus

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14. In Vitro Fertilization
_________
Embryo implanted into female’s uterus (either original egg donor or a different female)

15. In Vitro Fertilization
_________
Obtain livestock with desired traits
Reproductive limitations in livestock
Human reproduction: reproductive limitations

16. Cloning .............. Natural and artificial
Three types of artificial cloning
_________

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18. Cloning .............. Remove fertilized egg _________
Embryos implanted into female
Mimics natural formation of identical twins

19. Cloning .............. _________ Nucleus removed
Somatic (body) cell taken from another animal
Egg cell (without nucleus) combined with somatic cell (with nucleus)

20. Cloning .............. Egg cell now has DNA from an existing animal
After a few cycles, embryo implanted into female
_________

21. Cloning .............. _________ Dolly the sheep – 1996
Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua the macaques – 2018

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23. Cloning .............. Drawbacks Difficult and inefficient
_________
Organ defects
Large birth weight
Dolly lived to be only half the normal lifespan of sheep

24. Cloning
Cloned embryo grown to provide embryonic stem cells
_________
Used to understand and treat disease
Stem cells are undifferentiated
Two techniques
SCNT
Induced pluripotent stem cells

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26. Cloning .............. Replace diseased or damaged tissues/organs
_________
Drawbacks
Sometimes accumulate dangerous mutations after 60 cell division cycles

28. Recombinant DNA _________ Combined DNA placed into another organism
Process
Isolate (cut out) DNA fragment with desired gene
Insert DNA fragment into another organism’s DNA

29. Recombinant DNA _________ ..............
E.g., some vaccines made from viral proteins produced in yeast cells that have been recombined with viral genes

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31. Concerns _________ Reduced genetic diversity in agricultural products
Therapeutic cloning by SCNT requires embryo destruction
E.g., “GATTACA”
Reduced genetic diversity in agricultural products