1. Aim: How should the medieval Church be remembered?
Do Now: Listen to the Gregorian chant. Write down:
What language is this in?
How many voices? Are they all singing the same?
What do you feel when listening to this? What do you think you are supposed to be feeling?
Gregorian chant is named after St. Gregory I, during whose papacy (590–604) it was collected and codified. Gregorian chant is in free rhythm, without meter. It is sung entirely in Latin.

3. I Divisions of Christianity
325 CE Roman Emperor Constantine called the Council of Nicaea. It decided “official” Church doctrine including the Holy Trinity and the date of Easter.

4. II Medieval Social Structure
Clergy include any church official.
Laymen are not officials of the church.

5. III Power of the Pope
A) Pope became head of huge network of ecclesiastical courts, heard cases on religious, moral matters B) Pope ruled territories like the Papal States C) Had ability to raise armies to defend territories D) Launched Crusades to regain the Holy Land (1095 – 1492)
The Pope is the leader of the Catholic Church. Today, Pope Francis I (Jorge Mario Bergoglio from Argentina), is the 266th Pope. He was elected by the Cardinals, who let the world know by releasing white smoke from the Vatican.

6. IV The Role of the Medieval Church
A) Controlled the most land in Western Europe. B) Everyone had to pay a tithe to the Church; 10% of their income. C) The Church guided your life from birth to death. D) The Church fought for power with Kings and the Holy Roman Emperor E) Had power of excommunication (banishment from the Church  your soul will be unable to go to heaven) F) Clergy served as teachers and record keepers. Monks handwrote and translated ancient Greek and Roman texts preserving them!

7. V Medieval Christian Philosophers
“Since love grows within you, so beauty grows. For love is the beauty of the soul.”
– St. Augustine
St. Augustine (354 – 430)
Wrote the City of God. Influenced by Plato. Argued that time is an illusion; God exists outside of time. Used the allegory of 2 cities (earthly vs. city of God) to differentiate those with original sin and who refuse God’s love, and those who have faith and who seek God’s love.
Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274)
Aquinas argued Aristotle’s "unmoved mover," a supreme being whose existence at the beginning of time set the universe in motion, was the same as the Christians’ God, who created all things.
“To one who has faith, no explanation is necessary. To one without faith, no explanation is possible.” –Thomas Aquinas

8. VI Christian Monasticism
A) Monks and nuns lived in monasteries (isolated communities). B) St. Benedict (480 – 547 CE) created the first monastic rule; it was a guideline for how monks and nuns should live their monastic life.
“…a monk… consider himself… as a poor and unworthy workman… He should have absolutely not anything: neither a book, nor tablets, nor a pen-nothing at all…” St. Benedict 530 CE
Left: Eastern Orthodox monks. Right: Franciscan nun.

9. Medieval Monastery, Armenia

10. VII The Inquisition 1230 – 19th century
The Inquisition was an official Church investigation to find and stop heretics (those who act against the Church) and blasphemers (those who speak against the Church).
The accused had to testify without legal counsel. If they did not confess, torture could then be used.

11. VIII Medieval Church Art
Mostly religious
Unlike Classical art of Greece and Rome, Medieval art was not realistic and lacked perspective. This was due to the belief that our focus should be on god, not on the body.
Classical Greek sculpture
5th Century BCE
Unknown Artist, Florence, 1200

12. Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Spain
IX Medieval Churches
A) Early Medieval Churches in the Romanesque style, featuring Roman style arches. B) Later churches were built in the Gothic style. They were taller, lighter, had stained glass windows and flying buttresses (formed an arch with the wall it supports).
Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Spain

13. Notre Dame, a Gothic Church, Paris

14. Notre Dame Interior

15. Notre Dame Exterior

16. Notre Dame Stained Glass Window

17. Illuminated Manuscripts
Medieval monks handwrote and illustrated (illuminated) books including the Bible.

18. The Crusades are coming up!
Key Vocabulary
Council of Nicaea Excommunication Gothic Church Gregorian Chant Heretics Illuminated Text Inquisition Monastery
Monk
Nun
Pope
Romanesque Church
Rule of St. Benedict
St. Augustine
Thomas Aquinas
Tithe
The Crusades are coming up!