1. Qualitative vs quantitative
Qualitative information is written descriptions of what scientists observe
Quantitative info involve counts or measurements and may be used to make a graph or table

2. Characteristics of Living Things
Have an orderly structure (composed of one of more cells)
Reproduce
Grow
Develop
Respond to their environment
Adapt
Evolve

3. Stimulus is anything in an organism’s internal or external environment that causes the organism to react
Response is the reaction to the stimulus

4. Scientific method Observe a problem Make a hypothesis Experiment
Analyze results
Draw a conclusion
Publish results

5. Anything that contains Carbon
Organic Compounds
Anything that contains Carbon
4 main types: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

6. Parts of an atom
Protons – positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
Neutrons – no charge in center of the atom also
Electrons – negatively charged particles in the electron cloud outside of the nucleus

7. Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in their nucleus.
Have different properties

8. There is an unequal distribution of the charges
Polar molecule
There is an unequal distribution of the charges
Electrons of a water molecule spend more time around the oxygen than the hydrogens

9. Why is water’s polarity impt?
Polar molecules attract ions and can dissolve other polar moecules, so water can dissolve many ionic compounds such as salt and polar compds like sugar

10. The attractive force between two ions of opposite charges
Ionic Bond
The attractive force between two ions of opposite charges
Ex: NaCl

11. Electrons are shared between atoms Ex: Glucose
Covalent Bond
Electrons are shared between atoms
Ex: Glucose

12. Hydrogen Bond
Weak bond between the partial positive end of one molecule and the partial negative end on another molecule; strongest of the between molecule bonds (intermolecular)
Ex: Water - Oxygen has a net neg. charge, hydrogen has a net pos. charge; so O and H from are attracted to each other

13. Carbohydrates
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen at about a ratio of 2 hydrogens and one oxygen for every carbon
Glucose – C6H12O6
Ex: Starch, Glycogen and cellulose

14. Proteins Made of C, H, O, N, and sometime S
Basic building blocks are called amino acids
Ex: enzymes

15. Lipids Mostly carbon and hydrogen w/ very little oxygen
Fats, oils, steroids
Glycerol “backbone” w/ fatty acids attached = glyceride

16. Nucleic Acids
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms arranged in 3 groups:
Nitrogenous base
Simple sugar
Phosphate group
EX: RNA and DNA

17. Enzymes An enzyme is a protein catalyst
it is used to speed up a reaction, usually by lowering it activation energy, but is not used up in the reaction

18. pH pH – measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
Acid – any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water (H+); pH of below; Strong acid = 1 or 2
Base – any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water (OH-); pH above 7; Strong base = 13 or 14

19. Diffusion
Particle movement from areas of higher to lower concentration
Dynamic Equilibrium is reached when there is no overall concentration change, because the rate of materials moving in and out is equal.

20. The cell theory All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure, organization, and function in an organism.
All cells come from preexisting cells. (refers to life comes from life)

21. Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
Prokaryotes do NOT have membrane-bound organelles (no nucleus); mostly unicellular
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles (have a nucleus); usually multicellular

22. Cell walls and chloroplasts…
Cell wall is found only in plant cells, fungi, bacteria and some protists
Chloroplasts are found in plants and some protists.

23. Bilayer membrane
Phospholipid divided into two areas/regions: the backbone or head is polar and “likes water”, the fatty acids are nonpolar and are hydrophobic (fear water)
to allow for selective permeability

24. Fluid mosaic model
Describes the plasma membrane as a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
It is “fluid” because the phospholipids move within the membrane

25. Cell in a isotonic solution…
Stays the same
Hypertonic solution – shrinks
HYPOtonic solution - swells

26. Passive transport…
Uses no energy
Movement from higher to lower concentration
Ex: simple diffusion

27. Facilitated diffusion
A form of passive transport that uses channel proteins to allow specific molecules to flow through
Requires no energy

28. Active transport
Requires energy
Uses carriers proteins to transport ions or molecules from LOWER to HIGHER concentration gradients

29. Expulsion or secretion of materials from a cell Ex: waste products
Exocytosis
Expulsion or secretion of materials from a cell
Ex: waste products

30. Endocytosis
Process by which a cell surrounds and takes material in from its environment
Ex: food

31. Pigment that absorbs most wavelengths of light BUT green
Chlorophyll
Pigment that absorbs most wavelengths of light BUT green
Light energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll

32. Process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars
Photosynthesis
Process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars
Light dependent
Light independent (Calvin cycle)

33. Light independent (Calvin cycle)
Photosynthesis
Light dependent
Uses light
Produces NADPH and ATP
Light independent (Calvin cycle)
Does not use light
Make glucose

34. Adenosine triphosphate Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds
Released when the bonds are broken

35. 2 NET molecules of ATP released
Glycolysis
Serious of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm that break down glucose to release energy
2 NET molecules of ATP released

36. Breaks down glucose to provide energy for cells
Cellular respiration
Breaks down glucose to provide energy for cells
Aerobic resp. – with oxygen
Anaerobic resp – without oxygen present *ex. Lactic acid and alcoholic Fermentation)

37. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Function
Energy storage
Energy release
Location
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Reactants
CO2 and H2O
C6H12O6 and O2
Products
Equation
6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

38. A segment of DNA that controls the production of a protein.
Genes
A segment of DNA that controls the production of a protein.
Control enzyme production

39. Sequence of growth and division of a cell Interphase is longest phase
Cell cycle
Sequence of growth and division of a cell
Interphase is longest phase
Mitosis (PMAT) is the period of nuclear division

40. Cell grows in size & carries on metabolism Chromosomes are duplicated
Interphase
Cell grows in size & carries on metabolism
Chromosomes are duplicated

41. Chromatin coils/thickens to form visible chromosomes
Prophase
Chromatin coils/thickens to form visible chromosomes
Nuclear envelope disappears
Spindle fibers and centrioles appear

42. Sister chromatids line up on the equator of the cell (on the spindle)
Metaphase
Sister chromatids line up on the equator of the cell (on the spindle)

43. Anaphase
Centromeres split apart and sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell

44. Telophase
2 distinct daughter cells are formed. The cells separate during cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).

45. Genetic recombination
Reassortment of chromosomes and their genetic info.
Caused by crossing over of the chromosomes or by independent segregation of homologous chromosomes.

46. 2 alleles for the same trait that are the same
Homozygous
2 alleles for the same trait that are the same
ie 2 dominant or 2 recessive alleles
BB or bb

47. 2 alleles for the same trait that are the different
Heterozygous
2 alleles for the same trait that are the different
ie 1 dominant and 1 recessive allele Bb

48. The allele combination of the organism
Genotype
The allele combination of the organism
Ex: 2 alleles for tallness could be Tt or TT

49. The way the organism behaves or how it looks
Phenotype
The way the organism behaves or how it looks
Ex: a tall plant, brown hair

50. A cell with 2 kind of each chromosome Ex: body cells 2n
Diploid
A cell with 2 kind of each chromosome
Ex: body cells 2n

51. A cell with 1 kind of each chromosome Ex: sex cells n
Haploid
A cell with 1 kind of each chromosome
Ex: sex cells n

52. Production of sex cells (sperm and eggs)
Meiosis
Production of sex cells (sperm and eggs)
Contain half the # of chromosomes as the parent’s body cells

53. Male gamete unites with the female gamete
Fertilization
Male gamete unites with the female gamete
Resulting fertilized cell is a zygote.

54. Meiosis
Use to produce gametes containing half the number of chromosomes as the parents body cells

55. Ex. Red and white flowers = pink flowers
Incomplete dominance
Phenotype for the heterozygous individual is intermediate between those of the homozygous
Ex. Red and white flowers = pink flowers

56. Codominance
Both alleles expressed in the phenotype
Ex. Black and white chickens offspring have checkered chickens (both black and white feathers mixed)
Sickle cell disease in humans

57. Traits controlled by 2 or more alleles. Ex: blood types in humans
Multiple alleles
Traits controlled by 2 or more alleles.
Ex: blood types in humans

58. Inheritance pattern controlled by 2 or more genes
Polygenic
Inheritance pattern controlled by 2 or more genes
EX: skin and eye color in humans

59. Traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes
Sex-linked traits
Traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes
Usually seen more often in males since they on have 1 X chromosome
Ex: red-green color blindness and Hemophilia

60. Sex determination
By the sex chromosomes
XX = female
XY = male

61. Passing on of traits from parents to offspring
Heredity
Passing on of traits from parents to offspring

62. Graphic representation of genetic inheritance Male = square
Pedigree
Graphic representation of genetic inheritance
Male = square
Female = circle
Shaded = has the trait

63. Chart of chromosome pairs
Karyotype
Chart of chromosome pairs
Chromosomes paired by size (length) and location of the centromere