2. Elements are arranged:
Vertically into Groups and Families
Groups / families have similar properties
- such as valence electrons
Horizontally Into periods (rows)
Properties change from left to right

3. Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost energy level, used for bonding
Full set of valence electrons is 8
Octet rule (we will discuss this in a future chapter)

4. The group 2 atoms all have 2 electrons in their outer shells
Be (Beryllium)
Atom
Mg (Magnesium) Atom

5. Soft, silvery colored metals Very reactive!!! especially with WATER
Alkali Metals- Group 1
Valence electron = 1
Soft, silvery colored metals
Very reactive!!!
especially with WATER
Always combined with something else in nature (like in salt).

6. Alkaline Earth Metals- Group 2
Valence electrons = 2
Silvery-White Metals
Fairly reactive
Many are found in rocks in the earth’s crust

7. Transition Metals- Groups 3-12 Valence electrons = 1 or 2
Malleable - easily dented hammered and rolled into sheets
Ductile – pulled into wires
Most are good Conductors of electricity

8. Lanthanide Series Actinide Series
F-block
Inner Transition Metals- Periods 6 and 7
Lanthanide Series
Actinide Series

9. Boron Group- Group 13 Valence electrons = 3 Reactive
Solids at room temp

10. Carbon Group- Group 14
Valence Electrons = 4
Solids at room temp

11. Nitrogen Group- Group 15 Valence Electrons = 5
All solids at room temp except nitrogen

12. Oxygen Group- Group 16
Valence Electrons = 6
All solids except Oxygen

13. Halogens- Group 17 Valence Electrons = 7 Most are Poisonous
Fairly reactive
Used in Disinfectants
Poor conductors
Used in Lights

14. Noble Gases- Group 18
Valence Electrons = 8
They don’t generally lose or gain electrons
Unreactive (inert)
Gases at room temperature
Used in Lights

15. Jellyfish lamps made with noble gases

16. Colors Noble Gases produce in lamp tubes:
Ne (Neon): orange-red
Ar (Argon): pale lavender
He (Helium): pale peach
Kr (Krypton): pale silver
Xe (Xenon): pale, deep blue
Mixtures of these gases produce blended colors

17. Hydrogen In a group by itself Valence Electrons = 1 Very Reactive
Has properties of 2 different families

18. Lewis Structures or electron dot diagrams
Show valence electrons around the element’s symbol
Can put at most 2 electrons next to each other
To draw – place 1 electron at a time around the symbol in 4 locations (top, side, bottom, other side) before doubling up until all valence e- are used.

19. Lewis Structures or electron dot diagramsH P Ar

20. Summary Quiz As you go down a family what happens?
Properties change
Properties stay the same
Nothing
What family(group) has the most reactive metals (especially in water)?
Alkaline-earth metals b. Transition metals
c. Alkali metals d. Halogens

21. 3. What group of elements have 4 valence electrons?
Halogens b. Transition metals
c. Boron group d. Carbon group
4. What family(group) have 2 valence electrons and are fairly reactive?
Alkaline-earth metals b. Transition metals
c. Alkali metals d. Halogens