1. Extinction Generates Outcome-Specific Conditioned Inhibition
Vincent Laurent, Billy Chieng, Bernard W. Balleine 
Current Biology 
Volume 26, Issue 23, Pages (December 2016)
DOI: /j.cub
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Contexts Control the Influence of Extinguished Cues on Choice between Actions
(A) Design of the experiment using three distinct contexts to train, extinguish, and test the influence of two predictive cues on choice between actions (n = 16). S1/S2, tone and clicker cues (counterbalanced); O1/O2, food pellet and sucrose solution outcomes (counterbalanced); Ø, no outcome; A1/A2, instrumental lever press actions on a left or right lever (counterbalanced).
(B) Performance when the cues were tested in their extinction context (extinction) or in another context (non-Extinction) was assessed relative to performance in the absence of these cues by subtracting this latter baseline activity to reveal the net effect of these cues on choice and the vigor of action selection. The contexts present at test had a strong influence on choice between actions (F(1,15) = 17.87; p < 0.05). When tested outside of their extinction context, the cues biased choice toward the action (i.e., “same”) with which they shared a common outcome (F(1,15) = 10.22; p < 0.05). In contrast, when tested in their extinction context, the same cues biased choice away from the “same” action toward the “different” action that was associated with an outcome they did not use to predict (F(1,15) = 8.619; p < 0.05). Error bars denote ± 1 SEM.
See also Figure S1.
Current Biology  , DOI: ( /j.cub )
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3. Figure 2
Silencing the Infralimbic Cortex Abolishes the Reversed Bias in Choice Produced by Extinction Cues
(A) eGFP staining revealed substantial hM4Di infection in the IL.
(B) The localization of cell bodies infected with hM4Di DREADD was mostly restricted to the IL of the rats included in the experiment (n = 9). Distances are indicated in millimeters relative to bregma.
(C) CNO reduced excitability in DREADD-infected cells (n = 4). Under whole-cell current clamp, a constant current was applied to infected cells to maintain them at −70 mV before drug superfusion. A family of voltage-current relationships was then sampled by injection of incremental step current pulses. Sampling was assessed in the same cell before (left) or after (right) application of CNO (10 μM). CNO significantly reduced the number of action potentials generated from the most depolarized current injection step (paired t = 5.0; p < 0.05). Voltage recording from the two most depolarized steps is separated for clarity.
(D and E) Confocal images of a biocytin-filled infralimbic cell that belongs to the recordings shown in (C).
(F) The direction of choice depended on the test context and the presence or absence of activity in IL neurons (F(1,8) = 5.51; p < 0.05). When tested outside of their extinction context, extinguished cues biased choice toward the action (i.e., “same”) with which they shared a common outcome whether IL neurons were silenced (F(1,8) = 5.56; p < 0.05) or not (F(1,8) = 5.93; p < 0.05). Extinction cues reversed this bias in animals treated with vehicle, as the extinguished cues directed choice away from the “same” action toward the “different” action, which was associated with an outcome that these cues did not use to predict (F(1,8) = 13.70; p < 0.05). This reversal was abolished by CNO-induced silencing of IL neurons. Under this condition, the extinguished cues were again able to bias choice toward the “same” action even though they were tested in their extinction context (F(1,8) = 5.41; p < 0.05). Baseline responding remained unaffected by CNO (F < 0.4). Error bars denote ± 1 SEM.
See also Figure S2.
Current Biology  , DOI: ( /j.cub )
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4. Figure 3
Silencing HPC Neurons Removes the Ability of Extinguished Cues to Bias Choice between Actions
(A) eGFP staining revealed substantial hM4Di infection in the dHPC.
(B) The localization of the cell bodies infected with hM4Di DREADD was mostly restricted to the dHPC of the rats included in the experiment (n = 8). Distances are indicated in millimeters relative to bregma.
(C) CNO reduced excitability in DREADD-infected cells (n = 5). Under whole-cell current clamp, a constant current was applied to cells to maintain them at −70 mV before drug superfusion. A family of voltage-current relationships was then sampled by injection of incremental step current pulses. Sampling was assessed in the same cell before (left) or after (right) application of CNO (10 μM). CNO significantly reduced the number of action potentials generated from the most depolarized current injection step (paired t = 3.5; p < 0.05). Voltage recording from the two most depolarized steps is separated for clarity.
(D) Confocal image of a biocytin-filled HPC cell that belongs to the recordings shown in (C).
(E) Choice between actions depended on both the test context and the presence or absence of activity in dHPC neurons (F(1,7) = 6.55; p < 0.05). When tested outside of their extinction context, extinguished cues in vehicle-treated animals biased choice toward the action (i.e., “same”) with which they shared a common outcome (F(1,7) = 11.47; p < 0.05). Extinction cues reversed this bias in animals treated with vehicle, as the extinguished cues directed choice away from the “same” action toward the “different” action, which was associated with an outcome that these cues did not use to predict (F(1,7) = 5.67; p < 0.05). Silencing dHPC neurons abolished choice bias irrespective of the context in which the cues were tested (Fs < 0.5). Baseline responding remained unaffected by CNO (F < 0.8). Error bars denote ± 1 SEM.
See also Figure S3.
Current Biology  , DOI: ( /j.cub )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions