1. From Fetus to Baby!

2. Signs of pregnancy Missing menstrual period Pregnancy tests
these tests detect the presence of hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) in the urine
hCG is produced by the developing embryo and is present is a woman’s urine only when she is pregnant

3. Embryo Development & Stages of Pregnancy
Once sperm is deposited in the vagina, it travels through the cervix and into the Fallopian tubes. Conception usually takes place in the outer third of the Fallopian tube.
A single sperm penetrates the mother's egg cell (ovum) and the developing child gets half of its genetic information (in the form of DNA) from the mother (this is contained in the egg), and half from the father (from the sperm). The resulting single cell is called a zygote.
The zygote spends the next few days traveling down the Fallopian tube and divides to form many attached cells. A ball of cells is produced, each cell including a copy of the genes that will guide the development of the baby. Once there are about 32 cells, the developing baby is called a morula.
With additional cell division, the morula becomes an outer shell of cells with an attached inner group of cells. Now the developing baby is in the "blastocyst" stage. The outer group of cells will become the membranes that nourish and protect the inner group of cells, which will become the embryo (the next stage for the future baby).
The blastocyst reaches the uterus at roughly the fifth day, and implants into the uterine wall on about day six. At this point in the mother's menstrual cycle, the endometrium (lining of the uterus) has grown and is ready to support a fetus. The blastocyst adheres tightly to the endometrium where it receives nourishment via the mother's bloodstream.
During the time between implantation and the eighth week, the cells of what is now called the embryo not only multiply, but begin to take on specific functions. This process is called differentiation, and is necessary to produce the varied cell types that make up a human being (such as blood cells, kidney cells, nerve cells, etc.).
There is rapid growth, and the main external features begin to take form. It is during this critical period of differentiation (most of the first trimester) that the growing baby is most susceptible to damage from external sources including:
teratogens (substances that cause birth defects including alcohol and certain prescription and recreational drugs)
infection (such as rubella or cytomegalovirus)
radiation (ionizing radiation such as X-rays, radiation therapy, or accidental exposure to radiation)
nutritional deficiencies
Specific changes by week for the embryonic stage:
Week 3
beginning development of the brain, spinal cord, and heart
beginning development of the gastrointestinal tract
Weeks 4 to 5
formation of tissue that develops into the vertebra and some other bones
further development of the heart which now beats at a regular rhythm
movement of rudimentary blood through the main vessels
beginning of the structures of the eye and ears
the brain develops into five areas and some cranial nerves are visible
arm and leg buds are visible
Week 6
beginning of formation of the lungs
further development of the brain
arms and legs have lengthened with foot and hand areas distinguishable
hands and feet have digits, but may still be webbed
heart and circulation more fully developed
Week 7
straightening of trunk
nipples and hair follicles form
elbows and toes visible
bones more mature
all essential organs have at least begun to form
Week 8
rotation of intestines
facial features continue to develop
the eyelids are more developed
the external features of the ear begin to take their final shape
Note: The end of the eighth week marks the beginning of the "fetal period" and the end of the "embryonic period"
Weeks 9 to 12
the fetus reaches a length of 3.2 inches
the head comprises nearly half of the fetus' size
a neck is present
the face is well formed
eyelids close and will not reopen until about the 28th week
tooth buds appear for the baby teeth
limbs are long and thin
digits are well formed
the fetus can make a fist with its fingers
urogenital tract completes development
genitals appear well differentiated
red blood cells are produced in the liver
Weeks 13 to 16
the fetus reaches a length of about 6 inches
a fine hair develops on the head called lanugo
fetal skin is almost transparent
more muscle tissue and bones have developed, and the bones become harder
the fetus makes active movements
sucking motions are made with the mouth
amniotic fluid is swallowed
meconium is made in the intestinal tract
lungs further develop
sweat glands develop
the liver and pancreas produce their appropriate fluid secretions
Week 20
the fetus reaches a length of 8 inches
lanugo hair covers entire body
skin becomes less transparent as fat begins to deposit
eyebrows and lashes appear
nails appear on fingers and toes
the fetus is more active with increased muscle development
"quickening" usually occurs (the mother can feel the fetus moving)
fetal heartbeat can be heard with a stethoscope
Week 24
the fetus reaches a length of 11.2 inches
the fetus weighs about 1 lb. 10 oz.
hair on the head is longer
eyebrows and eyelashes are well formed
all the eye components are developed
the fetus has a hand and startle reflex
footprints and fingerprints forming
alveoli (air sacs) forming in lungs
Weeks 25 to 28
the fetus reaches a length of 15 inches
the fetus weighs about 2 lbs. 11 oz.
rapid brain development
nervous system developed enough to control some body functions
eyelids open and close
respiratory system, while immature, has developed to the point where gas exchange is possible
a baby born at this time may survive, but the possibilities for complications and death remain high
Weeks 29 to 32
the fetus reaches a length of about inches
the fetus weights about 4 lbs. 6 oz.
rapid increase in the amount of body fat
increased central nervous system (CNS) control over body functions
rhythmic breathing movements occur
lungs are not fully mature
bones are fully developed, but still soft and pliable
fetus begins storing iron, calcium, and phosphorus
Week 36
the fetus reaches a length of about inches
the fetus weighs about 5 lbs. 12 oz. to 6 lbs. 12 oz.
lanugo begins to disappear
increase in body fat
fingernails reach the end of the fingertips
a baby born at 36 weeks has a high chance of survival, but may require some medical interventions
Weeks 38 to 40
considered full-term at 38 weeks
may be 19 to 21 inches in length
lanugo is gone except for on the upper arms and shoulders
fingernails extend beyond fingertips
small breast buds are present on both sexes
head hair is now coarse and thicker
mother supplies fetus with antibodies against disease
fetus fills entire uterus

5. First Trimester: (week 1- week 13)
Week 1- 7: “Embryo”
Week 8: “Fetus”
Week 12:
Sex of fetus can be determined
The fetus can move

6. Second Trimester: (week 14- week 26)
Fetus can hear sounds
Can suck it’s thumb
Hair begins to grow
Use it’s digestive system by swallowing amniotic fluid
Week 24:
Mother can feel the baby moving (kicks from the legs)

7. Third Trimester: (week 27 – week 40)
Rapid development of the fetus which requires a large quantity of nutrients from the mother  it’s crucial for the mother to eat a healthy diet
Week 28: Fetus can open it’s eyes
Week 32: fetus settles into a head down position in preparation for birth
Week 36: Recognizes mother’s voice

9. Embryo development & stages of pregnancy
Functions of the placenta, umbilical cord
Placenta
Membrane that forms between the mother’s uterus and the developing embryo
Allows for exchanges of nutrients and oxygen between mother and embryo (it serves as a filter)
N.B. Mother’s blood does not enter the embryo
Umbilical cord
connects fetus to the placenta, cut at birth

10. Functions of amniotic fluid
In the uterus, the fetus is suspended in a fluid called amniotic fluid
This fluid has 3 functions
To protect the fetus from injury
To keep body temperature of the fetus constant
To protect the fetus against dehydration

11. Identical and fraternal twins
Identical twins (30% of the time)
From a single egg and sperm
Great deal of resemblance
Same chromosomes
Same sex
Same blood type
Fraternal twins (70% of the time)
Two ova, two sperms
Little resemblance
3D finished here

12. Important factors to consider during pregnancy
Nutrition
Physical exercise
Tobacco
(harmful chemicals pass through the placenta to the fetus)
Alcohol
Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by growth, mental, and physical birth defects associated with the mother's high levels of alcohol use during pregnancy
Alcohol ingested by a pregnant woman easily passes across the placental barrier to the fetus

13. Process of birth

14. Signs of the onset of labour
Process of birth
Signs of the onset of labour
Uterine contractions are triggered to begin by the hormone oxytocin secreted by the pituitary gland
Initially are irregular but they become:
More frequent
Stronger
Regular
Rupturing of the amniotic sac (“water breaks”)
As result of the contractions…
Rupture the membrane surrounding the fetus
Cause the amniotic fluid to flow out of the body
It lubricates the baby’s passage out of the body

15. 4 Stages of labour (8-20 hours)
Process of birth
4 Stages of labour (8-20 hours)
Dilatation of the cervix (2-20 hours)
The cervix is the lower end of the uterus
It must open to allow the mature fetus to leave the mother’s body
Opens wider over time and with each contraction
Engagement of the baby’s head in the vagina (30 min – 2 hours)
The baby moves through the cervix into the vagina
The baby’s head rotates to help it’s body pass out of the vagina more easily

16. 4 Stages of labour Process of birth
Expulsion of the baby (5 to 60 min)
Physician holds the baby’s head and gently eases the shoulders, trunk, and finally the lower limbs out of the mother’s body
Baby’s head might be slightly deformed
Expulsion of the placenta (10-15 min after birth)
Once the baby is born, the contractions continue and cause the placenta to detach and be expelled

17. Different types of delivery
Process of birth
Different types of delivery
Natural childbirth: with the active participation of the mother, no anesthetic
Caesarean
delivery of a baby through an abdominal incision
performed when a vaginal birth is not possible or is not safe for the mother or child
C-sections have become fairly common
Induced labour: stimulated by the injection of a hormone
Administering of a local anesthetic
Epidural (injection into the spine)

18. Human Reproduction Test Friday, April 20th
Female and male anatomy
Know how to label a diagram (* you will not be given a word bank!)
Know functions of all organs
Puberty and hormones
Menstrual Cycle
Stages of development (zygote  embryo  fetus  Baby!)
Process of birth

19. Test Format Same as usual: Multiple choice Labelling
Matching (important vocabulary and definitions)
Short answer
Long answer