1. 7-2: The “Last” West

2. Learning Objectives
WXT 1.0 Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society.
WXT 2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.
WXT 3.0 Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and society.
POL 3.0 Explain how different beliefs about the federal government’s role in U.S. social and economic life have affected political debates and policies.
NAT 1.0 Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity.
MIG 2.0 Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life.
GEO 1.0 Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies.

3. Key Concepts
Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States
The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.

4. Westward Migration Opportunity in the West Homestead Act
Incentive to restart life after Civil War
Free public land
New states added

5. Westward Migration Building the Transcontinental Railroads
Construction
Irish and Chinese workers
Consequences
Near-extinction of buffalo
Hinders culture of Plains Indians
Migration to the Great Plains
Soldiers
Farmers
Miners
Cattlemen

6. Westward Migration Cattle Kingdom Open-Range Ranching
Cattle replace buffalo population
Day of the Cowboy
Cattle drives to market
Black equality
Barbed Wire

7. Westward Migration Farm Problems High demand during Civil War
High prices
Farmers invested in land and machinery
Over-farming
Prices fell after war
High costs of new technology
Farmers couldn’t pay debts
Farmers begin to organize
National Grange
Farmers’ Alliance
Unifies Southern and Western farmers

8. Rise of the Populists Purpose Omaha Platform
Unite discontented farmers
Improve economic conditions
Omaha Platform
Move towards silver standard
Increase money supply
Drive up food prices
Enforce the Interstate Commerce Act
Prevent railroads from price-gouging
Lower the tariff
Assess an income tax

9. Demise of Populism Election of 1896
Pro-gold McKinley (R) defeats Bryan (D—favored by populists)
Western and southern interests did not align
Increase in immigration caused high demand for food

10. Subordination of American Indians
Dispersal of Tribes
Nomadic tribes doomed by extinction of buffalo and disease
Indian Wars
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
Little Big Horn (1876)
Chief Joseph—“I will fight no more forever”
Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
Century of Dishonor

11. Subordination of American Indians
Dawes Severalty Act
Goals
Misguided attempt to reform Indian policy
Tried to assimilate Indians into mainstream America
Tribes no longer legal entities
Dissolved tribal ownership of land
Consequences
Ignored culture
Lost 50% of tribal land