2. After Charlemagne Kingdom divided, local nobles gained power
Invasions from Magyars (Central Europe)
Muslim threat (Spain, East Europe)
Vikings

3. Vikings Broke up last of Charlemagne's empire
Late 700’s left Scandinavia and attacked communities across Europe
Superior sailors, shipbuilders and warriors
Mid 9th century settled across Europe

4. Development of Feudalism
Attacks of 9th and 10th centuries fragmented kingdoms of Europe
People turned to local rulers (lords) for protection
Beginning of feudalism
Feudalism- loosely organized system of rule where local lords divided land among lesser lords (vassals). Vassals pledged service to the lord

5. Feudalism Vassals served lords in military capacity
Many became knights
Vassals given land to support family, peasants worked land for vassal
Medieval society wealth based on land

6. Feudal Contract Mutual Obligations
Vassal granted a fief (land), given political authority, included all people and buildings on land
Many different governments responsible for keeping order
Gave lord 40 days of military service per year, took his side in court
Lord agreed to protect vassal

7. Manor System Economic system during the Middle Ages
Manor- agricultural estate run by a lord , worked by peasants
Many peasants were serfs (legally bound to the land)
Serfs had to provide labor, pay rents, subject to lords control
Serfs fixed roads, built bridges, work the lords land
Assigned their own plot of land to support themselves
Paid rents by giving part of crops to lord, paid for use of woods, streams, lakes, pastureland on fief

8. Nobility of the Middle Ages
Dominated by men, chief concern was warfare
Kings, dukes, counts, bishops, archbishops
Had large estates, political, economic social power
Many nobles were knights
Idea of chivalry (code of ethics they were supposed to uphold)
Women remained under control of men
Many women had power as managers of estates

9. Growth of European Kingdoms
England, France, Germany, France, Eastern Europe, Russia

10. England
Since 5th Century people from Northern Europe attacked, conquered and settled England (Anglo-Saxon kings)
United 9th century Alfred the Great
1066 AD Normans from France attack England (Norman Conquest)
William of Normandy = King of England

11. England
William took census of everything in England for tax purposes- called Domesday Book
French Normans, Anglo- Saxon English gradually merged culture
William developed system of royal courts

12. England Henry II increased power of English monarch
Expanded power of courts
Developed common law
Tried to control church with courts, it was unsuccessful

13. England
During 11th, 12th centuries power of monarch grew, resented by nobles
Rebellion against King John in 1215
King John forced to sign Magna Carta
Established kings power was limited not absolute, right to jury trial, protection under the law (due process)
Basis of modern democratic political systems

14. England
Under reign of Edward I representative government developed- English Parliament (1296)
Composed of two knights, two people from every county and town (House of Commons)
Nobles, Bishops from all over England (House of Lords)
Passed laws, granted taxes

15. France
Part of Frankish kingdom became core of eventual kingdom of France
987 new royal dynasty established (Capetian Dynasty) had little real power outside of Paris (Isle de France)
Local nobles had most power

16. France Phillip II late 12th century established strong French monarchy
Waged war against England
Gained control of English territory in France
Louis IX expanded French wealth, increased power
French feeling of “nation”

17. France French king and pope argue over taxation of bishops
1305 French pope elected moved papal court to Avignon, France
French rulers had more control over pope
Another pope elected in Rome
Led to crisis- who is real leader of church?
Split called Great Schism lasted until 1417

18. France By 1300 France best governed kingdom in Europe
1302 first French Parliament- Estates- General
Representatives of three estates (classes) of France
Clergy (first estate)
Nobles (second estate)
Townspeople, peasants (third estate)

19. Germany, Italy and the Holy Roman Empire
962 AD Century Otto I crowned ruler of HRE
Otto I ruled eastern Frankish kingdoms (Germany)
Ruled German and Italian lands
Northern Italian cities wealthy (Venice, Genoa)

20. Germany, Italy and the Holy Roman Empire
Fredrick I (late 12th century) tried to conquer northern Italy, pope opposed him
Army of pope defeated Germans
Struggle between popes and rulers of HRE
Germany became divided between powerful German lords
Germany and Italy could not unite into national monarchy like France, England until 1700’s

21. Central and Eastern Europe
Slavic people divided into three groups
Western Slavs- Poles, Czechs
Catholic, part of western European culture
Southern and Eastern Slavs- Eastern Orthodox cultural life linked to Byzantine Empire (Bulgarians, Croats, Serbs)

22. Europe 1000 AD

23. Development of Russia Eastern Slavic people settled Ukraine and Russia
Culture blended with Vikings (called Rus)
Late 10th century accepted Orthodox Christianity
13th century Mongols captured Russia, required local princes to pay tribute

24. Byzantine Empire
During 5th century Roman Empire in the east centered in Constantinople
6th century- Emperor Justinian reestablished empire around Mediterranean
Justinian codified Roman Law- Body of Civil Law- before this it was a wide variety of laws and customs
Basis of imperial law in Empire and basis for legal system of Europe

25. Byzantine Empire After Justinian empire had many problems
Too much territory
Too little money
Decline in population from plague
Muslim threat
Beginning of 8th century empire was much smaller
Constantinople center of commerce for products from Asia and Europe
Imported raw materials used in local industries
Center of commerce until 12th century
1071 Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantine armies, Byzantine emperor turns to Europe for military aid

26. Byzantine Empire Greek official language
Christianity official religion (Eastern Orthodox)
Split in Christian Church (schism)
Eastern Orthodox Church did not accept pope as head of Christian faith
1054 pope and head of Orthodox Church excommunicated each other – still separate until today