1. The raw materials of biotechnology
A review of cells

2. Levels of biological organization

3. Cells
Prokaryotic
eukaryotic
Unicellular
multicellular

4. Bacteria cell (prokaryotic)

5. Plant cell (eukaryotic)
waynesword.palomar.edu

6. Animal cell (eukaryotic)

7. Important (to us) cellular organelles
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Cell membrane
Cell wall
ribosome

8. Important (to us) cellular organelles
Nucleus—Contains DNA and includes the coding for protein production in the cell
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Cell membrane
Cell wall
ribosome

9. Important (to us) cellular organelles
Nucleus
Chloroplast—Plant cell organelle responsible for photosynthesis (conversion of light energy into chemical energy)…has its own DNA
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Cell membrane
Cell wall
ribosome

10. Important (to us) cellular organelles
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria)—Site of cellular respiration; the cellular organelle responsible for converting chemical energy (sugar) into cellular energy (ATP’s)…also has its own DNA
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Cell membrane
Cell wall
ribosome

11. Important (to us) cellular organelles
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm—The gel-like material that fills the cell and supports the organelles; mostly water, it is the site of many chemical reactions within the cell
Lysosome
Cell membrane
Cell wall
ribosome

12. Important (to us) cellular organelles
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Lysosome—An organelle containing digestive enzymes; responsible for breaking down cellular wastes and for apoptosis
Cell membrane
Cell wall
ribosome

13. Important (to us) cellular organelles
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Cell membrane (aka, plasma membrane)—A semi-permeable membrane that regulates movement of molecules into and out of the cell
Cell wall
ribosome

14. Important (to us) cellular organelles
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Cell membrane
Cell wall—Gives support and structure to plant, bacteria, and some fungi cells…in plants, the main component is cellulose
ribosome

15. Important (to us) cellular organelles
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Ribosome—The site of protein synthesis in cells

16. Cellular processes—photosynthesis
Photo = ____________; synthesis = ___________. Photosynthesis = putting together using light

17. Cellular processes—photosynthesis
Producers (autotrophs)—convert energy from the environment into carbon bonds such as those found in glucose
Plants
Algae
Cyanobacteria
Deep sea bacteria
photosynthesis
chemosynthesis
chemicals

18. Electromagnetic spectrum

19. Pigment absorption across the visible spectrum

20. PHOTOSYNTHESIS sunlight Carbon dioxide glucose water oxygen
Sunlight + 6 CO2 + H2O
C6H12O6 + 6 O2

21. photosynthesis
Sunlight energy used to form C-C bonds in the form of sugar (glucose)
The sugars can be used or can be converted to cellulose, starch, or other substances

22. CHEMOSYNTHESIS

23. Cellular processes—cellular respiration
What is the general equation for cellular respiration?
Sugar  waste products + Atp
Why is atp important?
ATP = energy for every chemical reaction in cells
Aerobic = with oxygen
Anaerobic = without oxygen

24. Cellular processes—cellular respiration
Anaerobic respiration has two possible sets of end products:
end product set #1 = alcohol + carbon dioxide + 2 atp
end product set #2 = lactic acid + 2 atp
Aerobic respiration requires an additional reactant besides sugar and yields three different products. What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
c6h12O6 + 6 o2  6 co2 + 6 h2O + 36 atp

25. Cellular respiration BACTERIA…
Obligate aerobes—respire using oxygen (aerobically)
Can not respire without oxygen
Obligate Anaerobes—respire without oxygen (anaerobically)
Are poisoned by oxygen
Facultative anaerobes—can respire with or without oxygen
Given the “choice” will gather near the surface where oxygen is present…why???

26. Cellular processes—cellular respiration
Our cells are capable of doing both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Which type do they “prefer” to do and why???