1. Code Switching
Sociolinguistics

2. An introduction to Code Switching
There are some phenomena of language occur in societies to make the communication more effective and meaningful.
One of these phenomenon is code switching which we can observe mostly in second/foreign language classrooms. It refers to the use of two languages within a sentence or discourse.

3. The Definition of Code Switching
is the use of more than one language, variety, or style by a speaker within an utterance or discourse, or between different interlocutors or situations (Romaine, 1992:110).

4. Examples about code switching:
If you know him ماعليك امر علميني
هالقطعه مررره nice و elegant

5. Speakers of more than one language are known for their ability to code switch or mix their language during their communication.
People switch code within a domain or social situation
The switch will be clear, when there is an obvious change in the situation ( Example)

6. Code switch may be related to a particular participant or addressee

7. A speaker may similarly switch to another language as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with an addressee.

8. Such switches are often very short that it is called emblematic switching or tag switching and they are made primarily for social reasons. 
The tag served as an ethnic identity maker or solidarity maker
For example: 1- Günaydìn girls, did you study for today’s quiz? (Switch between English and Turkish)
2- عندك أيquestion? (Switch between Arabic and English)

9. Situational switching refers to the tendency in a bilingual or multilingual community to use different languages or language varieties in different social situations. It may be based on the topic, on the addressee, the institution, or on any specific combination of situational factors.

10. An example of situational code switching:

11. Code switching in multilingual communities For example:
in the shops, salespeople often switch to the language of their customers
Bilinguals find it easier to discuss particular topics in one code rather than another.

12. when a speaker switches code to quote a person or give a proverb For example: 1) My father used to say to “مافي شي صعب بالحياه ، كل شي يصير سهل مع الجد والاجتهاد” 2) some people used to postpone doing their work and they ended up wasting their time without achieving anything. Arabic proverb said “لا تؤجل عمل اليوم الى الغد”

13. The functions of Code Switching
To show identity with a group to stress the fact that they all belong to this group
Lack of Facility ; switch when they cannot find an appropriate expression or vocabulary item .
Lack of Register; : When speakers are not equally competent in two languages .
To attract attention ; shows that in advertisements (in both, written as well as in spoken) in India, code switching is used to attract the attention of the readers/listeners

14. language switch from L to H can signal disapproval
language switch from L to H can signal disapproval . We switch to express anger using different styles of English
used for amusement and dramatic a fact by telling joke for expressing emotions.

15. Metaphorical Switching
A type of code switching where each of the code represents or symbolizes a set of social meanings. just as using a metaphor. it requires being skillful.
اعطي كل ذي حق حقه Give the devil his due
الطيور على اشكالها تقع Birds of a feather flock together

16. Lexical borrowing
Lexical borrowing is the adoption of individual words or even large sets of vocabulary items from another language or dialect. 
Lexical borrowing is results from the lack of vocabulary and it is motivated by lexical need.

17. When speaking a second language, people will often use a term from their first language because they don't know the appropriate word in their second language.

18. اتوماتيك تنس Borrowing words English origin بلاستيك
People pronounced and used grammatically as if they were part of the speaker's first language. Examples
Borrowing words
English origin
بلاستيك
اتوماتيك
تنس
Plastic Automatic Tennis

19. linguistic constraints
There are very general rules for switching. These rules are universal.
The switches occur within sentences( intra-sentential switching) when there is

20. 1/ Linguistic equivalence between the two codes, meaning when there is a point where the grammars of both codes match each other. 
English
French
Possible switch point
Red boat
Bateau rouge No
Big house
Grande maison
Yes

21. 2/ The matrix language frame (MLF) which imposes structural constraints on code switched utterances. So all system morphemes (such as tense and aspect inflections) will come from this matrix, and any switch will be determined or governed by this matrix. For example: الأستاذه كنسلت المحاضره

22. 3/ the level of proficiency in each code of the people switching.
less-proficient people will tend to switch at sentence boundaries (inter-sentential switching) or use only short phrases or tags at the end of the sentence for example : عطيني كتابك بليز

23. Attitudes to code-switching
People are often unaware of the fact that they code- switching.
When their attention is drawn to this behaviour ,many tend to apologize for it .
For Example: among Mexican Americans the derogatory term Tex Mex is used to describe rapid code-switching between Spanish and English .

24. Reaction to code-switching styles are negative in many communities .
Despite the fact that proficiency in intra sentential code-switching requires a good control of both codes . In conclusion, code switching is a phenomenon that is inevitable in bilingual communities. It occurs mostly in second/foreign language teaching and it can be used beneficially in classroom activities.

25. In Conclusion The definition of Code Switching
Tag switching ( very short switches)
The first type of code switching which is the situational switching
The second type of code switching which is the metaphorical switching
The functions of code switching ( 7 functions)
Definition of Lexical borrowing
Why we use Lexical borrowing
General rules for switching and examples.
Attitudes to code-switching