1. Argument Goals: Understand Aristotle’s offices of rhetoric
Argument
Goals:
Understand Aristotle’s offices of rhetoric
Understand different kinds of appeals
Begin to work on Paper #4

3. Aristotle’s Five Offices of Rhetoric:
Invention – finding something to say
Arrangement – selecting the best ideas &
sequencing them logically
Style – expressing the ideas effectively
Memory – learning the text
Delivery – performing the text

4. Invention (finding information) Freewrite what you know/think
Journalist’s questions: Who, what, when, where, why & how
Internet search/surf
Bibliographies of articles you use
Brain dump: listing
Associations: clustering, branching
(Note: “Finding information” is NOT the same as “Deciding on a topic”)

5. Arrangement
(selecting the most appropriate information and putting it in a logical order)
most appropriate:
for your main idea
for your audience
logical order:
for your audience
for your purpose

6. Style (expressing the information/concepts effectively) Signal phrases
Illustrations, examples
Subordination, Coordination
Rhythm
Memorable phrases (sound bites)
Balanced sentences
Alliteration
Repetition
Periodic Sentences

7. Delivery (for our purposes: presentation/formatting) MLA format title
use of bold/italics
subheadings
charts, tables, images
topic sentences
paragraphing
connecting words/phrases

8. Facts/logic of the subject:
LOGOS
Character of the writer:
Emotions of the reader:
ETHOS
PATHOS

9. Argument Persuasion Facts/logic of the subject: LOGOS
Character of the writer:
Emotions of the reader:
ETHOS
PATHOS
Persuasion

10. Argument Facts/logic of the subject: LOGOS Character of the writer:
ETHOS
Trustworthiness
Do you have something to gain?
Do you have an ax to grind?
Basically, do you have a stake in what happens?
Expertise
Do you have personal expertise?
Do you have expert knowledge from other sources?
Basically, do you know what you’re talking about?

11. Argument Facts/logic of the subject: LOGOS Character of the writer:
Is your information accurate?
Do you have adequate information?
Argument
Logic
Is your thinking/reasoning sound?
Do you “connect the dots” clearly?
Are your conclusions reasonable?
Character of the writer:
ETHOS
Trustworthiness
Do you have something to gain?
Do you have an ax to grind?
Basically, do you have a stake in what happens?
Expertise
Do you have personal expertise?
Do you have expertise knowledge from other sources?
Basically, do you know what you’re talking about?

12. Argument Facts/logic of the subject: LOGOS Character of the writer:
Emotions of the reader:
ETHOS
PATHOS
In a academic argument, it’s not appropriate to play on the emotions of your audience;
however, it is appropriate to acknowledge the values that influence your reasoning.
Legal rights vs Personal dignity
Potential gain (high risk) vs
High security (low risk)
Individual vs
Community
Monsanto
Gary Rinehart
Short-term vs Long-term
Horsepower vs Fuel Economy

13. Begin brainstorming possible topics and possible evidence you might use to support your position. Do as much INVENTION as possible to generate as many ideas as you can in the time remaining for class. (Homework: Read Ch 7, pp )