1. MAPPING SKILLS FOR GEOGRAPHY
Some important skills to learn….

2. Here are some important books to use to improve your skills work…
Here are some important books to use to improve your skills work….some are quite old but that does not matter the key thing is a good book …..
M. Stacey – Atlas Skills Workbook (2005)
L. Scott & K. Laws – Mapping & Statistical Skills for Secondary Students (various editions)
C. Bonnor & B. Ralph – Key Skills in Geography

6. Key or Legend SCALE – Linear - Representative Fraction - in words
- Ratio

7. Working out scales….. Need to learn conversions  100 to get metres
eg: 1: 100,000 (cm) = 1 cm to 1,000m or 1 km
1: 50,000 = 1 cm to 500m or ½ km
1: 250,000 = 1cm to 2,500m or 2 ½ km
1: 30,000 = 1cm to 300m
1: 10,000 = 1 cm to 100m

8. Contours join areas of equal height above sea level
Steep slopes lines close
Gentle slopes very spread out

9. Cross-sections

10. Drawing the cross-section - draw lines up from the base to make a dot at the correct height then a smooth line joining the dots…

11. Vertical Exaggeration
Vertical Scale (graph) divided by the Horizontal Scale (map scale)
Different Vertical Scales stretch or shrink the cross-section

12. Working out the scale of an aerial photo when compared to a topographic map
Find a familiar feature on both maps and calculate real distance on map compared to ruler distance on unknown
Eg. Map scale 1: at left

13. Precis or Sketch maps – Natural or Cultural features or both - must have TITLE, SCALE, NORTH SIGN, FRAME, LABELS, KEY.

14. Gradient Gradient = 373 - 315m 700m = 58/700 = 1: 12
Difference in the Vertical Height between two points DIVIDED by the actual distance along the ground as measured on the scale of the map
Gradient = m m = 58/ = 1: 12

15. Intervisibility

16. Pie Graphs DRAWING SEGMENTS: MEASURING SEGMENTS:
Draw a circle any size
Put centre of protractor on middle of circle
To convert PERCENTAGES to DEGREES multiply by 3.6
Draw segments from 12 o’clock moving clockwise moving from largest to smallest
MEASURING SEGMENTS:
Put protractor on Segment and measure DEGREES then DIVIDE by 3.6 to get PERCENT
Use this PERCENT to calculate from any raw numbers you are given eg. 50% of 278
= 50 x 278 = 1390 = 139

17. Time of Day from Photographs
Look at the shadows of buildings or structures
Early Morning sun casts shadows to the west
Late Afternoon sun casts shadows to the east
Long shadows are early morning or late afternoon
Direction of shadows indicates morning or afternoon
No shadows indicate noon