1. APPROPRIATE CELL DIVISION IS NECESSARY FOR:
Living Environment
Ospelt
Unit 7: CELL DIVISION AND REPRODUCTION
Nuclear membrane
Every cell has a life of its own!
Centrioles
The nucleus of the cell contains the genetic material – DNA.
It is usually found in an unorganized mass of CHROMATIN.
In a reproducing cell, the DNA is “packaged” into chromosomes
A computer to direct
all cell activities
chromatin
nucleolus
DNA is needed to function properly
There is a limit to the size a cell can grow. It will have to divide into two new smaller cells. WHY??
DNA overload
The DNA is not adequate to serve the increasing needs of the bigger cell
Food, oxygen and water enter a cell by diffusion; wastes exit.
The rate of exchange depends on______________________________
The rate at which food, oxygen and water are
used up and wastes produced depends on the _________________________
Decreased surface area to volume ratio
Surface area
volume
APPROPRIATE CELL DIVISION IS NECESSARY FOR:
Cells lining the Villi of the Digestive Tract must constantly be replaced as they live only a day or 2
Skin cells are replaced every
6 – 12 day
New cells must be produced to repair wounds
Growth relies on new cell production
GROWTH
REPAIR
MAINTENANCE
Cells will divide forming 2 _________________________ cells
TO PREPARE, A CELL MUST DUPLICATE (COPY) ALL THE ITS DNA SO THAT EACH DAUGHTER CELL GETS ON COMPLETE SET OF GENETIC INFORMATION
daughter
Controlled by chemicals (cyclins) & regulators (neighboring cells)

2. cell division (cytokinesis)
CELL CYCLE: A cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two new IDENTICAL daughter cells.
centromere
Start with a full set of chromosomes 2n
Diploid #
Result:
2 cells
Identical 2n
Diploid #
MITOSIS:
Portion of the cell cycle in which chromosomes are distributed to two new cells
Accompanied by
cell division (cytokinesis)
Previously, During Interphase, DNA has replicated
STAGES OF MITOSIS:
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
PROPHASE
TELOPHASE
And CYTOKINESIS

3. Single celled organisms incorporate mitosis when they reproduce
The normal number of chromosomes in an organism’s body cell is called the diploid number.
There are two of each type of chromosome.
This is represented as: 2n
2n = 4 2
Homologous
pairs
Replicated
As a result of mitosis,
_____ daughter cells are produced
each with the ______________number.
they are ________________ to the parent cell and each other. 2
diploid
identical

4. Mitosis, Pretty Sweet!
Mitosis is an awesome process in which two identical cells (daughter cells) are produced from one cell. Don’t you wish that it wasn’t just cells that went through mitosis. Think about how awesome it would be if some of our stuff could do that!
Imagine a machine that could duplicate some of our stuff. Create an advertisement trying to sell this “Mitosis Machine”.
Be sure to include;
What does mitosis do for cells
What does the mitosis machine do?
What do you start with, and what do you end up with?

6. mitosis ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Cell division Binary Fission Budding
Key Idea 4: The continuity of life is sustained through reproduction and development
Species transcend individual life spans through reproduction.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Involves one parent
Utilizes ___________________ and subsequent _______________________________
mitosis
Cell division
4.4b During mitosis, chromosomes are duplicated and then separated into two identical and complete sets to be passed to each of two resulting cells.
All the genes come from a single parent, therefore all offspring are identical to each other and to the parents.
Binary Fission
Budding
Unequal offspring
2 equal offspring
Hydra
Yeast
Paramecium
Ameoba
Spore formation
Regeneration
Grow back
Lost parts
Specialized cells; contain DNA
Bread mold
Starfish
Planaria
Vegetative Propagation
Artificial
Vegetative Propagation
Tuber
runners
Cuttings
Bulb
Grafting

7. B
ABCD A D C

8. Metaphase
Prophase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
DNA overload. There is not enough DNA for the cell to function properly. It is like an entire class trying to do a lab with only one copy of instructions
Decreased Surface area to volume ratio. The cell gets too big and cant diffuse waste out or nutrients in efficiently enough.
Mitosis. Cell grows during interphase and replicated DNA. During prophase DNA coils into chromosomes, during metaphase they line up down the middle, move apart in anaphase and separate into two cells during telophase and cytokinesis
It would die! The cell would have no instructions for living!

9. Homework OUT!
Remember, it was that summarize the notes pages sheet thingy majiger

10. ½ number of chromosomes
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: Involves two parents
Produce gametes [female – egg / male – sperm] containing ½ the genetic content
Offspring will receive ½ genetic material from each parent
Mitosis will not work! Need a type of division to produce cells with ½ genetic content
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ : process to produce nuclei with only ½ the genetic content
Reduction Division
MEIOSIS 2n
diploid number = 4
Chromosomes replicate
Crossing Over
may occur
Synapsis:
Homologous pairs line up to form tetrads
Division #1
Disjunction: Pull Apart
Division #2 n
Monoploid number = 2
End result: 4 cells,
½ number of chromosomes
Gametogenesis: production of gametes
Oogenesis: production of eggs Spermatogenesis: production of sperm
Each gamete contains ½ genetic material, l homolog each
1 egg ; n
 4 sperm ; n
Sexual reproduction allows for variety as no two eggs and sperm are alike!

11. Undifferentiated cells Can form any type of cell
FERTILIZATION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT +  =
The nucleus of the sperm joins the nucleus of the egg.
Contains a unique combination of genetic material
Contains all information necessary for growth, development and eventually reproduction
Ready to begin to develop into a new individual
Egg
ZYGOTE 46
Sperm n 23 n 23
FERTILIZATION
DEVELOPMENT: Highly regulated process involving mitosis and differentiation
EARLY DEVELOPMENT
Involves the process of CLEAVAGE: RAPID MITOTIC DIVISION
All cells at this point have identical DNA
Like stem cells
Undifferentiated cells
Can form any type of cell
D I F F E R E N T I A T I O N
At this point, cells will now undergo __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
as a result of Gene Expression
Different gents are activated (or deactivated) in certain cells.
This causes them to make only some of the proteins they are capable of synthesizing;
thus producing _____________ cells Vs. cells of the _______________
As a result, these cells become different from others, and will develop into
_________________________________
Which in turn will form ______________ and _________ of a multicellular organism
Produces different types of cells as the zygote changes in to the embryo
liver
pancreas
Specialized cells
tissues
organs
Gene expression can be modified by interaction with the environment
Skin exposure to sun
Smoking
Plants grown in the absence of light will NOT be green

12. Testosterone and Semen
MALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY
Testosterone and Semen
Purpose: To produce _________________________
To produce sperm, and deliver to the site of internal fertilization B C D E F A
Male Gonads
Spermatogenesis: production of sperm
Secrete Testosterone: secondary sexual characteristics
Located within these sacs.
Lower temperature is necessary for sperm production B
Passageway for sperm C
Produce fluid D E
Passageway for semen, and urine F
Structural adaptation for internal fertilization
Testes
Scrotum
Vas Deferens
These fluids,
together with sperm,
produces semen
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate
Urethra
Penis
Vasectomy
_____________________: a procedure to cut the vas deferens; then sperm cannot pass

13. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY:
PURPOSE: To produce estrogen and progesterone
To provide the site for internal fertilization and development A B C E D A
FEMALE GONADS
Produce eggs by oogenesis
At birth, immature eggs are contained in special sacs called follicles. At puberty, one egg a month will mature and be released by ovulation.
Secretes estrogen – responsible for secondary sexual characteristics B
Tubes through which eggs travel when released from the ovaries to the uterus
THIS IS WHERE FERTILIZATION WILL OCCUR C
Thick walled structure; this is where the embryo will develop. D
A muscular ring found at the neck (base) of the uterus.
This opening is closed during gestation. E
Birth canal
OVARY
OVIDUCTS
Fallopian Tubes
UTERUS
CERVIX
VAGINA

14. Sac of fluid; protects the fetus
HUMAN FERTILIZATION, DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH
Fertilization
Occurs in the 2.
Occurs as the embryo travels through the oviduct
Embryo will then implant in to the wall of the uterus
OVIDUCT
CLEAVAGE
DIFFERENTIATION 4.
Forms between the wall of the uterus and the embryo
Organ of exchange - by diffusion:
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from mom to baby
Wastes diffuse from the baby to the mom
PLACENTA
Note:
blood does not mix
AMNION
_______________
Sac of fluid; protects the fetus
Fetus harmed by:
SMOKING:
low birth weight
ALCOHOL: FAS
DRUGS: brain
damage
UMBILICAL CORD
_______________
Connects the fetus to the placenta
POOR NUTRITION

15. ULTRASOUND REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
__________________: a technique that uses sound waves to “see” the fetus
Multiple births:
Fraternal twins: ______________________________
Identical twins: _______________________________
2 eggs, 2 sperm
1 egg/ 1 sperm: split
Amniocentesis: extract amniotic fluid, test fluids, view embryonic cells with a microscope
Karyotype

16. Follicle turns in to the corpus luteum
MENSTRUAL CYCLE 1 2
FSH
Causes egg to develop in follicles
FSH LH
Negative feedback
Follicle turns in to the corpus luteum
Which secretes:
3. Progesterone
4. estrogen
Builds up
uterine
lining
No fertilization;
Corpus luteum breaks down,
Lining is shed