1. Motivation, Emotion and Stress Ms. Saint-Paul A.P. Psychology

2. Motivation What is motivation?
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
What are some motivators in your life?

3. Motivation
Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.
Aron Ralston was motivated to cut his arm in order to free himself from a rock that pinned him down.
AP Photo/ Rocky Mountain News, Judy Walgren
Aron Ralston

4. Perspectives on Motivation
Four perspectives used to explain motivation include the following:
Instinct Theory (replaced by the evolutionary perspective)
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Hierarchy of Motives

5. Instincts & Evolutionary Psychology
Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).
Although varies behaviors can be observe in animals, for the human species all our instincts are not outward agencies that directs our behavior. Which kind of fails to explain certain things. One of the great links that early researcher attempted to explain instinct in the human species is the patt on the back. Which would be considered an instinctual desire to make ourselves feel good
Tony Brandenburg/ Bruce Coleman, Inc.

6. Drives and Incentives
When the instinct theory of motivation failed, it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. (Homeostasis=Balance)

7. For Ex: Positive incentive drives us to work hard and win the reward.
Where our needs push (positive or negative stimuli) pull us in reducing our drives.
For Ex: Positive incentive drives us to work hard and win the reward.
While
Negative incentive drives us to draw back from doing something dues to penalties

8. Optimum Arousal
This theory holds that some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal.
(EX: Curiosity).
Key note: When all our biological needs are satisfied , we feel driven to experience stimulation. However, with too much stimulation comes stress and we then look for a way to decrease arousal
Psychologist Yerkes and Dodson, studied the relationship of arousal to performance and identified the Yerkes-Dodson law, moderate arousal lead to optimal performance. ( Ex: Taking a test)
(Ex: Sports)

9. A Hierarchy of Motives
Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition.
( )

10. Hierarchy of Needs

11. Recap/Discussion What is motivation?
Discuss the 4 theories of motivation:
Instinct Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
What are incentives?

12. Chapter 10 (8): Hunger Motivation

13. Hunger The Physiology of Hunger The Psychology of Hunger
Obesity and Weight Control

14. The Physiology of Hunger

15. Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger.
Preview Question 2: What physiological factors produce hunger?

16. Hypothalamic Centers
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) brings on hunger (stimulation). Destroy the LH, and the animal has no interest in eating. The reduction of blood glucose stimulates orexin (regulates appetite and sleep) in the LH, which leads rats to eat ravenously.

17. Hypothalamic Centers
The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) depresses hunger (stimulation). Destroy the VMH, and the animal eats excessively.
Richard Howard

18. Hypothalamus & Hormones
The hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones that
are related to hunger.

19. Ex: Weight loss programs
Set Point
Manipulating the lateral and the ventromedial hypothalamus alters the body’s “weight thermostat.” Heredity influences set point and body type.
If weight is lost, food intake increases and energy expenditure decreases (Metabolic rate). If weight is gained, the opposite takes place.
Ex: Weight loss programs

20. Do Now What is motivation? Discuss the 4 theories of motivation:
Instinct Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
What are incentives?

21. The Psychology of Hunger

22. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for
Genetic and Universal: sweet and salty
Neophobia – avoid unfamiliar foods
Adaptive taste preferences: Inherited characteristics through natural selection because they help with survival
(Ex: In warmer climates the recipe call for more spices. Likewise in other places sweets equals survival as it helps in storing food.)

23. Hot Cultures like Hot Spices
Countries with hot climates use more bacteria- inhibiting spices in meat dishes.

24. Eating Disorders

25. Anorexia Nervosa
A condition in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent woman) continuously loses weight but still feels overweight.
Preview Question 4: How do anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder demonstrate the influence of psychological forces on physiologically motivated behaviors?

26. Bulimia Nervosa:
A disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise.

27. Binge eating disorder
(Compulsive overeating) overeat but do not purge, which usually leads them to become overweight. Binge eating is characterized by eating, in a discrete period of time, an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances.

28. What is Hunger Motivation?
Names Hunger indicators?
What part of the brain is responsible for communicating are hunger needs?
What are the 5 appetite hormones and where are they located?
What is Set point ? What happens when its not balanced?

29. Obesity and Weight Control
What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese?
Preview Question 5: What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese?
Prehistorically Fat is an ideal form of stored energy and is readily available when food is scarce. In times of famine, an overweight body was a sign of affluence and social status.

30. Obesity
A disorder characterized by being excessively overweight. Obesity increases the risk for health issues like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, gallstones, back problems and certain types of cancer thus increasing health cost and shortening the life expectancy.

31. Set Point and Metabolism
Obese people require less food to maintain their weight. Fat has a lower metabolic rate than does muscle. When weight drops below its previous set point, the person’s hunger increases and metabolism decrease. Thus the body adapts to starvation by burning off fewer calories.
The obese defend their weight by conserving energy.

32. Identical twin studies reveal that body weight has a genetic basis.
The Genetic Factor
Identical twin studies reveal that body weight has a genetic basis.
Courtesy of John Soltis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
The obese mouse on the left has a defective gene for the hormone leptin ( secretes by fat cells, when abundance cause brain to increase metabolism decrease hunger). The mouse on the right sheds 40% of its weight when injected with leptin.

33. Life is sexually transmitted
Sexual Motivation
Life is sexually transmitted
Sexual motivation is nature’s clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive.

34. Physiological Response
The Physiology of Sex
Masters and Johnson (1966) describe the human sexual response cycle as consisting of four phases:
Phase
Physiological Response
Excitement
Genitals become engorged with blood. Vagina expands secretes lubricant. Penis enlarges.
Plateau
Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse and blood pressure.
Orgasm
Contractions all over the body. Increase in breathing, pulse(70 to 115 beat per min) & blood pressure. Sexual release.
Resolution
Engorged genital release blood. Male goes through refractory phase ( few mins, day or more). Women can be immediate restimulated.
Preview Question 6: What stages mark the human sexual response cycle?

35. Sexual Dysfunctions
Men generally suffer from two kinds of sexual dysfunctions: premature ejaculation and erectile disorder. Women may suffer from orgasmic disorders.
These problems are not due to personality disorders and can be treated through behavior therapy and drugs such as Viagra.

36. Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Sex hormones have two effect: the physical development of sexual characteristics (Male and female)and (especially in animals) activate sexual behavior.
Male
Testes
Testosterone
(Small amounts of estrogen)
Female
Ovaries
Adrenals
Estrogen
(Small amounts of testosterone)
Preview Question 7: Do hormones influence human sexual motivation?

37. External Stimuli
It is common knowledge that men become sexually aroused when browsing through erotic material. However, women experience similar heightened arousal under controlled conditions.

38. Imagined Stimuli
Our imagination in our brain can influence sexual arousal and desire. People with spinal cord injuries and no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire.
Sotographs/The Gamma-Liaison Network/ Getty Images

39. Adolescent Sexuality
When individuals reach adolescence, their sexual behavior develops. However, there are cultural differences.
Preview Question 9: What factors influence teenage pregnancy and risk of sexually transmitted infections?
Sexual promiscuity in modern Western culture is much greater than in Arab countries and other Asian countries.

40. Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex, and/or either sex.
Preview Question 10: What has research taught us about sexual orientation?
Homosexual
Heterosexual
Bisexual

41. Origins of Sexual Orientation
Homosexuality is more likely based on biological factors like differing brain centers, genetics, and parental hormone exposure rather than environmental factors.
Cynthia Johnson/ Time magazine
Homosexual parents

42. Animal Homosexuality
A number of animal species are devoted to same-sex partners, suggesting that homosexuality exists in the animal world.
David Hecker/ AFP/ Getty Images
Wendell and Cass

43. The Psychology of Sex
Hunger responds to a need. If we do not eat, we die. In that sense, sex is not a need because if we do not have sex, we do not die.
Preview Question 8: How do internal and external stimuli influence sexual motivation?

44. Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs

45. The Need to Belong
“[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle). Separation from others increases our need to belong.
Preview Question 12: What evidence points to our human need to belong?
20th Century Fox/ Dreamworks/ The Kobal Collection
“Cast Away,” Tom Hanks, suffers
from social starvation.

46. Aiding Survival
Social bonds boosted our ancestors’ survival rates. These bonds led to the following:
Protecting against predators, especially for the young.
Procuring food.
Reproducing the next offspring.

47. Belongingness
Wanting to Belong: The need to belong colors our thinking and emotions.
Social Acceptance: A sense of belonging with others increases our self-esteem. Social segregation decreases it.
Maintaining Relationships: We resist breaking social bonds, even bad ones.
Ostracism: Social exclusion leads to demoralization, depression, and at times nasty behavior.