1. Module 5 Church and Society in Western Europe

2. What would Europe look like today if the Crusades had not happened?

3. Lesson 1: The Power of the Church
Still today religious leaders will voice their opinions on political issues

4. Lesson 1: The Power of the Church
Church’s Authority
“Two swords”
Structure of the Church
Pope
Clergy
Bishops: supervised priests; settled disputes over Church teachings & practices
Priests: main contact to the Church for people 4

5. Lesson 1: The Power of the Church (cont.)
Religion as a Unifying Force
Feudalism created division among people
Beliefs bonded the people
Life was harsh
People could follow same path to salvation
Priests gave sacraments
Church served as social center for villages 5

6. Lesson 1: The Power of the Church (cont.)
The Law of the Church
Canon Law
Established courts
Excommunication
Banishment
Freed vassals from obligation to king
Interdict
Loss of sacraments
People felt “doomed” 6

7. Lack of knowledge led to superstitions Medieval Church disapproved
Lesson 1: (Cont.)
Age of Superstition
Lack of knowledge led to superstitions
Medieval Church disapproved 7

8. Church and the Holy Roman Otto the Great
Followed example of Charlemagne
Limited power of nobles by allying with the Church
Invaded Italy on pope’s behalf
Crowned emperor by Pop in 962
Signs of Future Conflicts
Named empire Roman Empire of the German Nation
Caused resentment of German leaders over Italy
Emperor Clashes with the Pope
Church resentful of political influence over clergy
Lay investiture
1074 banned by pope
Lesson 1: (cont.) 8

9. Emperor orders pope to step down Pope excommunicates Henry
Emperor orders pope to step down Pope excommunicates Henry Princes/clergy fear for king Showdown at Canossa Henry waits for 3 days in snow Excommunication ended 9

10. Representatives of both sides meet in Worms in 1122
Concordat of Worms
Representatives of both sides meet in Worms in 1122
Compromise
Only church could appoint bishops; emperor could veto
Result
German princes gained power back they lost under Otto 10

11. Disorder in the Empire. Frederick I, aka Barbarossa. Holy Roman Empire
Disorder in the Empire Frederick I, aka Barbarossa Holy Roman Empire Repeatedly invaded Italy Italians formed Lombard League Battle of Legnano Crossbows used for first time; Italians win Frederick makes peace with pope, goes home German States Remain Separate Successors unable to unite German states multiple wars; clashes with pope System of electing king weak; France and England getting stronger
Name
Phone
Website

12. Church Reform and the Crusades
The Age of Faith
Monasteries led revival
Cluny, 910 AD
Return to basics
Church also begins reforms
New Age of Faith
Problems in the Church
Marriages of priests
Simony
Lay investiture 12

13. Church restructured to resemble a kingdom
Reform and Church Organization
Church restructured to resemble a kingdom
Advisors called The Curia
Acted as a court
Developed canon law
Decided cases
Diplomats
Church collected taxes (tithes)

14. New Religious Orders Renewed interest in monastic life Friars
Unlike monks
Dominican: importance of study
Franciscans: treatment of all 14

15. Cathedrals – Cities of God
Romanesque
Thick walls, pillars; tiny windows
Gothic
Bright, airy; high ceilings
Inspire the magnificence of God
Town spirit 15

16. The Crusades Under attack from the Muslim Turks Pope Urban II Goals:
Constantinople
Under attack from the Muslim Turks
Pope Urban II
“Holy War”
Goals:
Get back the Holy Land
Reunite Christendom
End knight quarrels

17. First and Second Crusades
Religious revival
“God wills it!”
All classes
Unprepared for first Crusade
No strategy
Geography, climate
No clear leadership
Captured Jerusalem July 1099
Four districts created out of territory
Susceptible to Muslim attack
Second Crusade hoped to recapture Edessa (defeated)

18. Third Crusade Led by 3 powerful monarchs Philip II (France
Frederick I (German states)
Richard the Lion-Hearted
Truce in 1192
Muslims keep Jerusalem
Christians allowed to pilgrimage to the Holy Land

19. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
Fourth Crusade
Unsuccessful
Looted Constantinople instead
Various other Crusades occurred
Either unsuccessful or misled
Children’s Crusade
questionable

20. Effects of the Crusades
Power of the Church
Trade increases
Lessens the power of the Pope
Weakens feudal nobility
Strengthens power of the Kings
Byzantine empire weakened
Legacy of hate between Christians and Muslims

21. Lesson 3 – Changes in Medieval Society
A Growing Food supply
Farming Improvements
Horse power; harness
3-Field system
The Guilds
Set standards for quality, wages and working conditions
Merchant
Craft

22. Commercial Revolution
Lesson 3 (cont.)
Commercial Revolution
Trade festivals
Cloth, bacon, salt, honey, wine, leather, knives, ropes
Foreign goods; trade routes had expanded
Business and Banking
Various currencies
Letters of Credit
Church forbade interest loans (usury)
Later relaxed rules
Society Changes
Job options and living locations changed

23. Urban Life Flourishes Trade and Towns Grow Together
Lesson 3 (cont.)
Urban Life Flourishes
Trade and Towns Grow Together
Streets were narrow
Animals, waste
Wood homes
Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order
Burghers
Demanded rights and privileges

24. Lesson 3 (cont.) The Revival of Learning Crusades Muslim Connection
Libraries in Spain
Technology in ships, navigation, and weapons
Scholars and the University
People, not buildings
Vernacular
Aquinas and medieval Philosophy
Classical Greek philosophy versus Christian faith
Combines the two ideals

25. Lesson 4 – England and France Develop
England Absorbs Waves of Invaders
Danish Vikings
Alfred the Great able to defeat Vikings
Unites land and calls it England
Canute Conquers England in 1016
Combines English and Viking people
Norman Conquests
William the Conqueror

26. William the Conqueror Rival: Harold Godwinson
Battle of Hastings: October 1066
Normans won
William takes all of England
Opposing nobles lost all their land
Nobles who swore loyalty received land
Creates a unified government

27. England’s Evolving Government
Goals of English kings
Hold and add to French lands
Strengthen power over nobles and Church
King Henry II
Strengthened courts of justice
Sent judges to all parts of kingdom
Use of jury
Rulings became known as common law

28. The Magna Carta Richard the Lionhearted John Softsword
Loses Normandy and land in northern France
Confronted by nobles
John hated by subjects; Church not fond of him
Forced to sign Magna Carta: June 1215
Guaranteed certain basic political rights
Limit kings power
No taxation without representation
Jury trial
Protection of the law

29. Model Parliament Edward I Needed to raise taxes (war)
Formed a parliament
Serves as a model for later kings
Next 100 years, called anytime new tax was needed
Parliament splits into two
House of Commons
House of Lords
Pg 189: Magna Carta

30. Bell Work, October 1, 2018 Review Questions
What is the Magna Carta? Explain its significance.
Which king was forced to sign the Magna Carta?
Which peoples invaded England?
How did England’s government become unified?

31. Capetian Dynasty Rules France
Nobles ruled lands independently
Hugh Capet
Last of the Carolingian line
Ruled lands that included Paris
Capetian dynasty
France Becomes a Separate Kingdom
Capets weak rulers
Strategic land holdings
Philip II Expands his Power
Wanted to weaken English kings
Successful during John’s reign
Augustus
Increased France territory
Established bailiffs

32. Capetian Dynasty Rules France (cont.)
Philip II’s Heirs
King Louis IX
Known as ideal king
Sainted by Catholic Church
Created a French appeals court
Philip IV
Dispute with Pope
Control
Estates-General
Church leaders known as First Estate
Great Lords known as Second Estate
Commoners known as Third Estate