1. The peritoneum lining the walls is the parietal peritoneum; the peritoneum covering the viscera is the visceral peritoneum
Transverse section of the abdomen

3. Oral cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestines

4. 1-Esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube, about 25 cm long that joins the pharynx to the stomach
The greater part of the esophagus lies within the thorax
The esophagus enters the abdomen through an opening in the diaphragm
called esophageal opening at the level of thoracic vertebra number 10 (T10)

5. External features of the stomach
Has two openings:1- Cardiac
2- Pyloric
Two curvatures :
1- Greater
2- lesser
Two surfaces:
1-anterior
2-posterior
The stomach divided into Three Parts:
1- Fundus.
2-Body.
3- pyloric part.

6. It has no true anatomical sphincter, therefore the
1- Cardiac orifice (opening)
It has no true anatomical sphincter, therefore the
gastro-esophageal junction closes by means of a physiological sphincter
2- Pyloric orifice
Is formed by the pyloric canal, which is about 1 in. (2.5 cm) long
The circular muscle coat of the stomach is much thicker here and forms the anatomic (true sphincter)

7. 1-Fundus: 2-Body: 3-Pyloric: Parts of the stomach
It is usually full of gas.
2-Body:
3-Pyloric:

8. Nerve Supply
The nerve supply includes sympathetic fibers derived from the celiac plexus and parasympathetic fibers from the right and left vagus nerves

9. 3-Small intestine A- The duodenum B- The jejunum C- The ileum.
Extends from the pyloric opening of the stomach to the ileocecal junction
Approximately 6-7 m long .
consists of:
A- The duodenum
B- The jejunum
C- The ileum.

10. 3-The duodenum
For purposes of description, is divided into four parts.

11. The descending part The inferior part The ascending part
The duodenum is divided into four parts:
The superior part
The descending part The inferior part
The ascending part

12. A- The bile duct B- Pancreatic ducts
The descending part of the doudenum
This part of the duodenum contains:
1- The major duodenal papilla
which is the common entrance for
A- The bile duct
B- Pancreatic ducts
2- The minor duodenal papilla
which is the entrance for
the accessory pancreatic duct

13. B -Jejunum and ileum the jejunum can be distinguished from the ileum
1-The jejunum is wider, thicker walled than the ileum
2-The jejunal mesenteric vessels form only one or two arcades. The ileum receives numerous short terminal vessels that arise from a series of three or four or even more arcades

14. Blood Supply of small intestine
Arteries
The arterial supply is from branches of the superior mesenteric artery .
The veins correspond to the branches of the superior mesenteric artery and drain into the superior mesenteric vein

15. 1- The cecum 2-Appendix 3-Ascending colon 4-Transverse colon
Large Intestine
The large intestine extends
from the ileum to the anus.
It is divided into:
1- The cecum
2-Appendix
3-Ascending colon
4-Transverse colon
5-Descending colon
6-Sigmoid colon
7-The rectum
The primary function of the large
intestine is the absorption of water
and electrolytes and the storage of
undigested material until it can be expelled
from the body as feces.

16. Cecum
The cecum is that part of the large intestine that lies below the level of the junction of the ileum
with the large intestine
It is a blind-ended pouch that is situated in the right iliac fossa
Attached to its posteromedial surface is the appendix

17. Appendix
The appendix is a narrow, muscular tube containing a large amount of lymphoid tissue
It varies in length from 3 to 5 in. (8 to 13 cm)
The base is attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum
The appendix lies in the right iliac fossa.

18. Ascending Colon The ascending colon is about 5 in. (13 cm) long
lies in the right lower quadrant
It extends upward from the cecum where it turns to the left, forming the right colic flexure, and becomes continuous with the transverse colon.

19. It begins at the right colic flexure and hangs downward
Transverse Colon
The transverse colon is about 15 in. (38 cm) long and extends across the abdomen, occupying the umbilical region.
It begins at the right colic flexure and hangs downward

20. Descending Colon
The descending colon is about 10 in. (25 cm) long and lies in the left upper and lower quadrants .
It extends downward from the left colic flexure, to the pelvic brim, where it becomes continuous with the sigmoid colon.

21. Sigmoid Colon
The sigmoid colon is 10 to 15 in. (25 to 38 cm) long and begins as a continuation of the descending colon in front of the pelvic brim.
Below, it becomes continuous with the rectum in front of the third sacral vertebra.

22. Rectum The rectum is about 5 in. (13 cm) long
begins in front of the third sacral vertebra as a continuation of the sigmoid colon.
Pierces the pelvic diaphragm and becoming continuous with the anal canal.
The lower part of the rectum is dilated to form the rectal ampulla

23. the Gastrointestinal Tract
Accessory Organs of
the Gastrointestinal Tract

24. The liver is the largest gland and organ in the body
General features
The liver is the largest gland and organ in the body
Location: The greater part of the liver is situated primarily in the right hypochondrium and epigastric region, extending into the left hypochondrium
Has two surfaces:
A- Diaphragmatic surface in the anterior, superior, and posterior directions.
It is smooth
B- Visceral surface (inferioposterior) in the inferior direction and it is irregular

25. B-The visceral surface of the liver
Contains
PORTA HEPATIS or hilum of the liver
The porta hepatis serves as the point of entry into the liver for the hepatic arteries and the portal vein, and the exit point for the hepatic ducts
Contents of porta hepatis
1-The right and left hepatic ducts
2- The right and left branches of the hepatic artery
3-The portal vein
4- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
5-A few hepatic lymph nodes lie here
important

26. 1- Caudate lobe 2- Quadrate lobe
The liver may be divided (anatomically) into a large right lobe and a small left lobe by the attachment of the peritoneum of the falciform ligament
2 accessory lobes:
1- Caudate lobe
2- Quadrate lobe

27. Gallbladder The gallbladder is divided into: 1-The fundus 2- Body
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac lying on the undersurface of the liver
It has a capacity of 30 to 50 mL
Stores bile, which it concentrates by absorbing water
The gallbladder is divided into:
1-The fundus
2- Body
3- Neck
The fundus projects below the inferior margin of the liver, it comes in contact with the anterior abdominal wall at the level of the tip of the ninth right costal cartilage

28. Bile Ducts of the Liver
Bile is secreted by the liver cells at a constant rate of about 40 mL per hour.
When digestion is not taking place, the bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder; later, it is delivered to the duodenum.
The bile ducts of the liver consist of :
Right hepatic ducts
Left hepatic ducts
The common hepatic duct
The cystic duct
The bile duct
The right and left hepatic ducts emerge from the right and left lobes of the liver in the porta hepatis unite to form the common hepatic duct
It is joined on the right side by the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the bile duct

29. Bile Duct The bile duct (common bile duct) is about (8 cm) long
Here, the bile duct comes into contact with the main pancreatic duct

30. Pancreas 1-Head 2- Neck 3- Body 4- Tail
The pancreas is both an exocrine and
an endocrine gland
situated on the posterior abdominal wall
The pancreas is divided into:
1-Head
2- Neck
3- Body
4- Tail
The head of the pancreas is disc shaped
and lies within the concavity of the
duodenum
The neck lies in front of the beginning of the portal vein\
The tail passes forward and comes in contact with the hilum of the spleen

31. Cancer of the Head of the Pancreas and the Bile Duct
Because of the close relation of the head of the pancreas to the bile duct, cancer of the head of the pancreas often causes
OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE

32. Splenic rupture should always be suspected with blunt abdominal injury
Spleen
The spleen is reddish and is the largest single mass of lymphoid tissue in the body
Splenic rupture
Causes:
1-localized trauma to the left upper quadrant
2-It may be associated with left lower rib fractures
Because the spleen has such an extremely thin capsule it is susceptible to injury even when there is no damage to surrounding structures
Because the spleen is highly vascular, when ruptured, it bleeds profusely into the peritoneal cavity.
Splenic rupture should always be suspected with blunt abdominal injury
Current treatments preserve as much of the spleen as possible, but some patients require splenectomy

33. 2-
Blood supply of the gut 1- 3-